Martin Nielsen, DVM, Ph.D., Dipl. ACVM, Schlaikjer professor of equine infectious diseases in the Gluck Equine Research Center, presented his research on small strongyles at the University of Kentucky's Equine Research Showcase in February.
He spoke about current data showing resistance among cyathostomins (small strongyles) to the three main groups of anthelmintic (anti-parasitic) drugs.
“The small strongyle parasite, which is the type of parasite that all horses get, is the primary parasite category, the one that we are always deworming for,” Nielsen said.
The first class of anthelmintic drugs introduced and administered to combat small strongyles was the benzimidazoles in the 1960s. Because this class of drugs has been in use the longest, there is wide-spread resistanceto these drugs.
“It is very rare to find these products still working,” Nielsen said.
Pyrantel salts began experiencing resistance in 1996 and Nielsen said it is also likely to find small strongyles resistant to Pyrantel dewormers today.
Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin and moxidectin) are our “last resort,” with good efficacy, but there have been some questionable early signs of emerging resistance reported, according to Nielsen. In 2020, routine data collected from a farm in Central Kentucky confirmed resistance to macrocyclic lactones among small strongyles.
Nielsen shared data showing that macrocyclic lactones were 100 percent effective against small strongyles in a group of U.S.-bred yearlings, but the same dewormers administered to a group of imported, Irish-bred yearlings failed to remove small strongyle parasites.
“There's no doubt, looking across this data, that we have clear-cut, proven resistance to ivermectin in these imported parasites,” Nielsen said. “The problem is, if we have resistance to everything, what can we deworm with?” he said.
He described that the efficacy of moxidectin was also evaluated against the resistant parasites. Despite this drug being potentially more potent than ivermectin, it did not overcome the resistance and did not provide better efficacy.
Nielsen closed with a final note that ivermectin and moxidectin resistance is occurring in small strongyles. This case was only discovered due to the meticulous testing procedures in place on this particular farm. Without regular testing of deworming efficacy, drug resistant parasites will go undetected and farms will be left without opportunities to intervene before it is too late. Good parasite control starts and ends with testing the dewormers being used and this must be done every year.
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