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Arthritis: Early Detection, Prompt Treatment The Keys To Long-Term Management

Though the term “arthritis” can be intimidating to horse owners, the diagnosis doesn't mean retirement is inevitable. Arthritis simply means inflammation in a joint, and can be caused by either an acute trauma or by chronic overuse.

A healthy joint boasts smooth bones as well as healthy cartilage and synovial fluid. Arthritis occurs when one of these is compromised, damaging the cartilage or bone. “Osteoarthritis” is degenerative joint disease; it is often more severe and can have long-term effects on a horse's soundness and comfort.

An injury that causes arthritis can be managed so that its long-term effects are minimal. A horse with arthritis will have pain and swelling, as well as a reduced range of motion from the joint inflammation. If this condition isn't caught quickly, the body may lay down rough new bone with no cartilage, causing a constant loop of joint damage, regeneration and swelling.

The best way to prevent arthritis from becoming a long-term issue is to identify and treat inflammation as soon after injury as possible. Ultrasound images are often the best way to diagnose a soft-tissue or cartilage injury early; X-rays are more helpful if the injury wasn't caught soon after onset, as they show bone formation.

The best way to prevent long-term damage from arthritis is to utilize stall rest and patience. Modalities designed to increase circulation, like shockwave therapy, can also be used.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often given to minimize pain and swelling. Joint injections can also be considered. These injections may include corticosteroids, which are anti-inflammatories that suppress the horse's natural immune response and reduce the development of rough bone, or hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, which can replace or supplement existing HA.

3-D Printer Makes Equine Neck Replica To Train Veterinarians

Similar to doctors in human medicine, veterinarians spend hundreds of hours honing their skills in laboratories before they begin practicing in the field. Learning how to administer joint injections is no different. The equine neck has a complex set of muscles and vertebra, but a new 3-D printer is making it easier for vets to learn how to precisely place ultrasound-guided injections.

Veterinary students typically learn how to do this procedure on equine cadavers, which have a limited shelf life and also have a delay in getting injection results to learn what may have been done incorrectly. To see if 3-D models might be a useful teaching tool, Dr. Alex zur Linden, radiologist and Ontario Veterinary College researcher, joined Dr. John Phillips, an engineer and director of 3D printing in the University of Guelph's Digital Haptic Lab.

Watch a video on how the 3-D models are created below.

Once a CT scan of an equine neck is complete, computer software will highlight the part or parts of the scan that will be printed. The printing takes between three and six hours. The team tested 13 different materials and printers to determine which one best simulated real bone using ultrasound; six of the materials worked for simulating bones or joints.

The model vertebrae were then embedded in ballistics gel that simulated the soft tissue around the bones. The models give vet students the ability to practice procedures with instant feedback; they're also efficient and reusable. Once the lab is complete, the model can be melted down and used again.

The research team is hopeful that the models will become a resource for the scientific community and spur the creation of other3-D models for horses and other animals.

Study: Lasers Help Heal Equine Tendon And Ligament Injuries

High-intensity laser therapy (HILT) can be used to reduce inflammation in horses that have tendon and ligament injuries, a study from Poland has found.

Drs. Paulina Zielińska, Jakub Nicpoń, Zdzisław Kiełbowicz, Maria Soroko, Krzysztof Dudek and Daniel Zaborski used 26 Warmbloods with tendon and ligament injuries to see if laser therapy could provide anti-inflammatory relief. All horses were between 5 and 24 years old and were patients at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences.

All horses were assigned to a group that received 15 HILT treatments or a group that received no laser treatments. All horses had the same 40-day rehabilitation program, which included one 20-minute walk on hard ground each day, followed by cold water application on affected tendons or ligaments. The injuries were assessed before and after treatment, and ultrasound images were taken.

The team concluded that HILT provided swelling and pain relief; the ultrasound images showed a reduction in lesion size in the horses treated with laser therapy, as well. The researchers say that HILT can be used as a supportive treatment for horses that have tendon and ligament injuries, reducing swelling and lameness, and improving pain. They note, however, that there is no protocol for the number of HILT sessions, duration, energy dose or frequency of treatment for horses that have tendon and ligament injuries.