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Jordan Fishman Enters Guilty Plea To Drug Adulteration And Misbranding In Federal Case

In a hearing before U.S. District Judge Mary Kay Vyskocil on Oct. 6, Jordan Fishman changed his plea from “not guilty” to “guilty” to one count of drug adulteration and misbranding in the March 2020 federal case that saw over two dozen trainers, veterinarians and others charged in connection with a racehorse doping ring.

Fishman, 63, said he is of no relation to veterinarian Dr. Seth Fishman, who is also under indictment and with whom he had a working relationship. Jordan Fishman said he has a PhD in carcinogenesis and toxicology.

According to his testimony on Oct. 6, Fishman said from 2017 to March 2020 he formulated misbranded and adulterated drugs per Seth Fishman's instructions. Seth Fishman provided the materials and the instructions, he said, and Jordan Fishman followed the instructions to compound what he said were vitamins, amino acids, nutraceuticals, steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs. Jordan Fishman admitted he shipped the finished products to Seth Fishman's base in Florida and sometimes overseas, although he did not specify where. (Seth Fishman is known to have business contacts in the United Arab Emirates, according to documents filed in court.) These products, he said, were sent to Seth Fishman in unlabeled containers as he said Seth preferred to handle the labelling himself.

Jordan Fishman said the products were distributed by Seth Fishman through his company called Equestology. He said he did not know initially that the products he made were specifically destined for Thoroughbred racehorses, although he did know that Seth Fishman's business involved racehorses.

Prosecutors revealed that had the case gone to trial, they would have presented wiretap evidence from Seth Fishman's phone, evidence from a Dropbox account used to store documents related to Equestology, as well as emails exchanged between the two men which acknowledged investigative interest in their activities from the Food and Drug Administration.

Jordan Fishman was based in Massachusetts, where he was president and majority shareholder in Twenty First Century Biochemicals. The company specialized in the production of customized “peptides and amino acids” according to documents filed in a civil suit by Seth Fishman against Jordan Fishman and Twenty First Century Biochemicals. In that suit, which was filed two months after the federal indictments, Seth Fishman accused Jordan Fishman of falsely inflating the value of stock in Twenty First Century, and of failing to repay loans or complete pre-paid work. That suit, filed in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, indicated that Seth Fishman had paid at least $1.25 million to Jordan Fishman's company since the start of their partnership in 2011. That case settled out of court in January 2021.

Jordan Fishman will face sentencing in February 2022. Per statute, the maximum prison sentence he may face is three years with up to one year of supervised release. Financial penalties by statute could include a fine of $10,000, twice the financial gain to Fishman or twice the cost to victims, whichever amount is greatest. Attorneys indicated that they have an agreement in place with Fishman that they will seek no more than 12 to 18 months in federal prison and a fine between $5,500 and $55,000, although that agreement does not bind the judge to confine her sentencing to those terms.

The post Jordan Fishman Enters Guilty Plea To Drug Adulteration And Misbranding In Federal Case appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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What We Learned From New Wiretap Evidence In The Federal Drug Case

Last week, prosecutors filed a 155-page response document in an ongoing fight over wiretap evidence against trainer Jason Servis and a handful of other defendants in the well-known federal drugs case. While it remains unclear when U.S. District Judge Mary Kay Vyskocil will rule on a series of motions to exclude intercepted phone, text, and email conversations among the defendants, the response did include previously unpublished transcripts that shed new light on the case.

The response document addressed a series of separate and joint motions from veterinarian and drug maker Dr. Seth Fishman, drug sales representative Lisa Giannelli, Jordan Fishman, veterinarians Dr. Erica Garcia and Dr. Alex Chan, and trainers Jason Servis and Christopher Oakes. Although the defendants structured their arguments somewhat differently, they are asserting that the wire tap evidence was acquired illegally — both because FBI investigators did not use other investigative techniques available to them, and because the applications for new and ongoing surveillance were deceptive to the judges who signed off on them.

Prosecutors, predictably, dispute the defendants' assertions, citing legal standards regarding probable cause and existing evidence justifying each new request. Their response was primarily designed to address the legal arguments at hand, not specifically to reveal to the public new information about the case. For that reason, there are some snippets of transcript where names or other details are omitted or redacted, so some of the new transcripts lack context. Still, there were a few new details of interest to the racing public following the case at home.

You can read the full response document here.

Nick Surick was the origin point for some defendants in this case. When drug adulteration and misbranding charges were first announced against 27 defendants in March 2020, prosecutors said (rather cryptically) that those March arrests were the fruit of a different investigation that had bled over into horse racing. We still don't know what that investigation was, but we know that the FBI began looking at Jorge Navarro because of his association with Standardbred trainer Nicholas Surick. Navarro entered a guilty plea in August. Surick, originally charged with drug adulteration and misbranding conspiracy and obstruction, was left off a superseding indictment filed in November 2020, but his case is not listed as closed in the federal system. It remains unclear whether he has taken a deal with prosecutors. The FBI became aware of Navarro when it intercepted its communications with Surick in January 2019, at which point it had been investigating Surick “and others” for “months.”Navarro is framed in the document as “both a facilitator of Surick's doping activities and as a kind of doping 'mentor.'” Navarro and Surick had conversations about Northern Virgin, a horse Surick allegedly hid twice from racing officials in order to avoid their taking an out-of-competition sample from the horse. Surick said he had administered a blood builder to the horse relatively recently when they arrived to test the horse.
Navarro and Servis may have had help from track security to conceal their doping activities. The document contains a number of transcripts of conversations between Navarro and Servis as they compared doping programs and shared information about testing and security. Each of them made reference to having connections with individuals in racetrack security who let them know when searches were imminent. The document does not specify who those individuals may be or which racetrack one or both connections were located.
Servis' program involved two versions of clenbuterol. Conversations between Navarro and Servis also refer to “regular” clenbuterol and “other” clenbuterol, which they believe have different detection times in drug tests. Prosecutors say that both versions of clenbuterol were used without valid prescriptions. It's never specified what the difference is between the two, but regulators have reported finding compounded clenbuterol in the course of investigations which is designed to be significantly more potent (ten times more potent, in some cases) than the commercially-available, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved version. Prosecutors speculate that the use of clenbuterol, which is considered a legitimate therapeutic drug, in this context is likely to point to abuse of the drug for its anabolic effects.
Dr. Kristian Rhein may have been party to questionable activities beyond the scope of this case. Rhein, who was the track veterinarian for Servis and many others, entered a guilty plea in this case in late July and agreed to forfeit more than $1 million of proceeds he generated from illegal drug sales. Apparently, he knows where some metaphorical bodies are buried on the backstretch — in an intercepted conversation with Servis, Rhein recalled an unnamed individual whom Servis had been complaining about.”He is such a little bitch,” Rhein said. “He is just a little sawed-off bitch. I worked for him. I mean I worked for him. He had me shock waving horses. He would leave me these notes. They were hidden in his drawer and then we used to use Decadurabalin [Deca-Durabolin, a trade name for anabolic steroid nandrolone]. I used to use Winstrol [a steroid] and he was like 'Don't you dare put that on the bill.”
“Wow,” Servis said.”I'm like … you know … so this guy, he talks out of both sides of his mouth,” Rhein said.

“Yeah he does and one day somebody is going to write a fucking book,” Servis responded. “It is going to be a groom or a vet somebody and he is going to hang them all out.”

“Yeah, believe me we could,” said Rhein. “I was there. I mean, I know these hypocrites. I mean I did all these guys work. I know who was using and who was not, who needed to, who didn't, I mean. I don't say it lightly, but shit. I was doing [several other individuals — not named in the document], I had all those barns. I was doing all their lameness. And these guys were the first ones that wanted you to do it, 'hey what can we do?' … Like I said, it is never on a bill. It is never on a bill. That is the problem.”

(We don't know who he's referring to, either. Remember, tips can be emailed to us at Ask Ray.)
Rhein was also giving off-label bisphosphonates. An intercepted call between Chan and Servis on June 17, 2019 discussed Rhein's use of Tildren — an FDA-approved bisphosphonate labeled for use in horses four years old and up. Chan said Rhein had been giving the drug to 2-year-olds “at like half dose.” Chan also told Servis (incorrectly) that the drug was cleared for horses three years old and up. Further, he incorrectly said “it's one of those things that's easy to test for but it's just they can't mark it property so they don't really know when you gave it. But you know now that they have the rule that it should be four and up and you really have no excuse if they found it in your 2-year-old. You know what I mean, but if like it was a 4-year-old then you could be like, 'Oh man it got it sometime before I got the horse' or something like that.” Read more about bisphosphonates here.
Prosecutors say wire taps were the only way to uncover much of this evidence, because the defendants were careful. In addition to coordinating with each other to anticipate and evade barn searches and out-of-competition testing, the wire taps reveal that the defendants were cautious about who they offered their services to. FBI agents did not believe they could successfully plant an undercover agent in any of the trainers' or veterinarians' businesses to surveil them, and pointed out that monitoring outside barns, even using pole cameras and other hidden recording devices, would be more likely to be spotted than they would be to capture evidence of a horse being injected. Even if they did get video of an injection, it would not be enough to show what the substance was and whether it was adulterated. Besides those logistical challenges, conversations between Fishman and Giannelli made reference to whether unnamed potential clients could “be trusted,” suggesting that they were unwilling to do business with someone they thought may inform to officials on their program, or who may administer drugs in a way that would get them caught. One informant lost connection with Surick after rumors surfaced in October 2018 that the informant (also unnamed) had begun cooperating with law enforcement. Read more about the difficulties of investigating illegal drugs in racing in this commentary from the Paulick Report.
Seth Fishman's operation was extensive and complex. While much of the focus on Medivet Equine seems to be its SGF-1000 and TB-1000 products, Seth Fishman's catalogue was much larger. In a phone call between Navarro and Seth Fishman, Navarro asked Fishman for “that amino acid injectable shit that you sent me” which prompted Fishman to later ask for more specificity, as he said he had “hundreds of products.” Fishman also said he created customized programs, and sometimes even customized substances, for each trainer client he had. His theory was that if one trainer were caught, regulatory authorities would immediately begin looking for the drug or drugs used by that person. Fishman believed he had a better chance at remaining in business if each substance combination was unique enough that the discovery of one wouldn't necessarily reveal others. Fishman told potential customers the benefits of using a non-commercially available (non-FDA approved) drug were that many were untestable. “Unless somebody turns you in to the race jurisdiction, no one is going to test for it because it's not known until it is known,” he said.
Some defendants could not remember the names of the drugs they were using and did not seem to know what was in them. At various times, Navarro referred to SGF as HGF. Servis referred to Maximum Security having received the “KS” and was later corrected by Rhein to say it was “the SG.” Rhein, who was distributing SGF-1000, had a lot to say about how SGF-1000 could not appear in post-race tests, and if anything, would show up as collagen or maybe dexamethasone. (Note: we ran this 'SGF as dexamethasone' theory by testing experts, and they were clear it was virtually impossible for one drug to be confused with another in post-race testing.)But although Rhein said the substance would not test positive for any “growth factors,” he did not seem to understand whether SGF-1000 contained “growth hormone.” In one conversation with Servis, Rhein said, “So, but…between you and me, because [of] the testing, they called me from the test center here and I was like, 'What's up?' They go, 'Do you know anything?' So what they called it, they called it 'growth hormone.' They were like 'You're using some sheep growth hormone.' I go, 'No, it has no growth hormone whatsoever in it.' And I said, 'It tested as collagen, which is a protein. A fine…there is nothing wrong with it.' I told him the name of the gentleman that [had tested] it in California. I said 'His name is [redacted].' He goes, 'Oh, I know him.' I said, 'The Jockey Club had it tested. They were all freaked out, they thought it w'And he said, 'Listen, somebody dropped a dime on me.' And I was like, 'What?' They are like, 'Yeah.' So all we need to do…I'm not going to say anything to anything else. I'm just going to tell [co-defendant veterinarian] Alex [Chan] and people like that. Like it is not on any of our bills. It never is.”
In a separate conversation with co-defendant Michael Kegley Jr., who has entered a guilty plea, Rhein said, “Make sure there is no growth hormone in there because if they are calling it that, and it is in there then we'll — we need to — but I can't imagine there is. There's no — I can't — I don't think a fetus [i.e., the source of the purported sheep placenta from which SGF-1000 is derived] has growth hormone in it. There's just — I don't — I don't think fetal placenta membranes have growth hormones. You know, I'll do some research tonight but I don't believe that's correct.

“I think it could have something that stimulates it … Well here's the thing is, I don't think it does. And just because they can test for it, doesn't mean they will. Now if it has growth hormone, I mean, it costs them a lot of money to test. A lot of money. And then the second thing is, how long is something in there. Well if we're giving it five to seven days out then we're fine. It's not gonna hang around. It's — nothing hangs around long. EPO doesn't hang around that long.”
When MediVet Equine did find out what was in SGF-1000, they hid it. Exhibit documents revealed a letter sent by the makers of SGF-1000 to the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium in September 2019, complaining that their product should not be called out by the organization as “illegal.” MediVet Equine provided a copy of test results from a test it ordered via Industrial Labs, showing that the substance was negative for IGF-1 and Follistatin. What MediVet Equine didn't tell RMTC was that the testing on SGF-1000 had come back positive for acepromazine, leavamisole, detomidine, pyrilamine, lidocaine, MEGX, xylazine, and caffeine. No further explanation is revealed in the document as to why those substances were present in the sample.
Defendants seem to have a lot of information — or at least, they believe they have a lot of information — about drug testing. When consulted by a panicking Surick about attempts at out-of-competition testing for Northern Virgin, Navarro assured Surick that the “real EPO” (as opposed to “generic EPO” also referenced by the two men) would be testable for three days. At four days, regulators would “see a cloud but they don't know what the fuck it is … Now five days, you are good. Now with the one here, they can't find anything.” Fishman also boasted that one of his products, a blood builder, had been given to a horse in New Jersey who was out-of-competition tested 12 hours later. The test sample was sent to a laboratory in Hong Kong, and the test came back negative. Rhein also revealed he had some contact with testing officials.”I mean, I know because I met the guy inadvertently when The Jockey Club took a box of the SGF,” he told Servis. “They took it and I met the guy, and I met the guy down at the conference, and he goes, 'The Jockey Club.' And he saw the hat that I had on was the same [equine pharmaceutical] company, and he goes, 'Oh, man I just tested a box of that stuff.' And I go, 'What stuff?' And he goes 'MediVet. You've got a hat on—SGF. Yeah, Jockey Club sent it to me out in California. Yeah, it came back as just a bunch of collagen. Nothing interesting [unintelligible]. These guys think it's got something that can be like a PED.” He goes, 'There's nothing in it.' And he was the actual head of the testing lab.”
We got a few more details about the drugging of Maximum Security. Servis' barn was the subject of at least two out-of-competition testing rounds in June 2019. on June 5, samples were pulled from Maximum Security, and test samples were pulled from other horses on June 3. Servis and assistant Henry Argueta (who was named on the original indictment but absent from the November 2020 superseding indictment) speculated that the commission may have been looking for clenbuterol administration outside of a prescription. Servis then called Rhein on June 5, seeming to seek reassurance that the out-of-competition test would be negative.
Servis: Hey. So they've been doing some out-of-competition testing, which I have no problem with. Um, they took Maximum Security Monday and they came back again today. But Monday he got the KS. I just want to make sure we are all good with that.Rhein: Wait, what did he get?Servis: I'm sorry, I said “KS.” The, you know, your shot. The…
Rhein: Oh, the SG.

Servis: Yeah, that stuff.

Rhein: Yeah—no, no, no. The Jockey Club tested it, and I met the guy who tested it way back when. It comes back as collagen. They don't even have a test for it.

Servis: It will probably come up with [dexamethasone] probably, right?

Rhein: Yeah, that's it. It will be dex. It will be dex. It will be like—that's it. And I've had them, I had them pull some stuff, and I was like, “Oh, [expletive], I wonder what will happen?” Nothing. Nothing. I mean and the guy said SGF doesn't even test close, thank god. But the only thing will be the AZM and you can just say he
was like hives or something, but…

Servis: Right. But they're not even going to ask me about it.

Rhein: They won't, even.

Servis: Because you're allowed to have that anyways. Dex, I mean.

Rhein: He's allowed. He's allowed. So [unintelligible] I don't know. I've done it. I've had it tested. Jockey Club did it, and I've had at least three different times it's been tested on horses that I gave it the day before and nothing. Not a word.

Servis: Yup.

Rhein: There's no test for it in America. There's no testing. There's nothing.

Servis: Okay, that's fine.

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Government Says Servis Wiretaps Legit

United States Attorneys have filed an opposing motion to deny barred trainer Jason Servis and his fellow defendants' motions to suppress the wiretaps placed on their cell phones, along with the seized physical and electronic evidence from a search of veterinarian Seth Fishman's belongings.

The opposing motion was filed Sept. 2nd in the Southern District of New York by U.S. Attorney Audrey Strauss, who writes, “the defendants' motions are entirely without merit and should be denied in full.”

On Aug. 3, lawyers representing Servis filed a motion to have evidence against him that was obtained through wiretaps thrown out. Attorneys Rita Glavin and Michael Considine charged that the government obtained authorization from a court to tap into Servis's phone based on a sworn affidavit from an FBI agent that, they contend, “contained deliberately or recklessly false statements and the material omission of statutorily and constitutionally required information.”

The Servis legal team argued that the wiretap evidence should be thrown out because using it represents a violation of Servis's Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment reads, in part: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.”

But the government argues in its opposing motion that law enforcement was led to Servis through an earlier investigation of now-barred Standardbred trainer Nick Surick, of whom they say the ruled-off Thoroughbred trainer Jorge Navarro was his “doping mentor.”

Navarro on Aug. 11 cut a deal with federal prosecutors in which he pled guilty to one count in the years-long Thoroughbred doping conspiracy in exchange for having a similar second count against him dismissed.

“This case arose from an investigation into overlapping and widespread schemes by racehorse trainers, veterinarians, drug distributors, and others to obtain money through lies, deceit, and active concealment of sophisticated doping of racehorses through the use of purportedly `untestable' drugs,” the filing states, adding that the investigation revealed ample evidence of Surick and Navarro's efforts to “obtain, share, distribute, discuss, use, and conceal various performance-enhancing drugs that they each intended to be, and believed to be, untestable by racing authorities.”

The facts uncovered in that investigation, the filing states, “informed the application for the initial wiretap of Navarro's cellphone and those of Navarro's co-conspirators,” including Servis.

“Initial and renewal interceptions over the Navarro Phone indicated that: (1) Servis was actively assisting Navarro to conceal Navarro's doping practices by `tipping off' Navarro to the presence of racetrack officials; (2) Navarro was willing to confide in Servis regarding his own doping practices and about his own corrupt relationship with an unnamed racetrack security official; (3) Navarro believed that Servis had his own corrupt relationship with a racetrack security official; and (4) Servis further participated in Navarro's doping scheme as a recipient of an unspecified, “[ir]regular” version of Clenbuterol, which Servis wished to obtain after assuring himself that regulators were not scrutinizing the Servis operation too closely,” the government filing argues.

“The scheme being investigated was exceedingly complex,” the filing states. “There were ample intercepted conversations indicating that the drugs distributed amongst a number of the Target Subjects by design would not be on drug tests.”

One such intercepted conversation allegedly occurred on Jan. 25, 2019, between Navarro and another defendant, the now-barred harness trainer Christopher Oakes. Oakes had allegedly created his own customized “drench” by which performance-enhancing drugs [PEDs] were forced directly into a horse's stomach through a tube inserted via the nostril.

In that wiretapped call, Navarro allegedly discussed “this crazy [expletive] Seth [Fishman]” with Oakes, describing an injectable drug that Fishman had allegedly sent to Navarro in 2018: “He sent me something with amino acid right last year. And I [expletive] gave it to this horse. This [expletive] galloped. Galloped.”

Navarro then allegedly asked Oakes for help in obtaining more of that that drug, or another that Navarro could use. Oakes purportedly offered up a different untestable PED that he had developed, allegedly explaining that “this drench I got dude, they can test you all day, night, before, after. [This drench] has got a ton of those branch chain amino acids in it [and there is] zero chance you get caught, [even when administered on] race day.”

Separately, in a Feb. 21, 2019, intercepted call between Fishman and an unnamed racetrack customer, the customer (with no reference to treating a horse for a medical condition) allegedly asked for a blood builder offered by Fishman called BB3.

Fishman later on that call allegedly stated that “building blood is not cheap” because it is “the holy grail [PED] of sports.” Fishman allegedly assured the customer that the blood builder he offered would not test positive, even a few hours after it had been administered.

The government's opposing motion continued: “This discussion, entirely ignored in the Fishman Motion, further underscores that Seth Fishman was not creating and selling substances to comply with applicable racing rules and regulations, but to evade drug testing that would reveal a violation of such rules. Through that evasion, Fishman and his clients attempted to falsely present their horses as eligible to participate in lucrative races, knowing that this was false…”

“Even assuming that drug testing had been widely pursued, drug testing alone would not have revealed the scope of which (untestable) drugs were at issue, which trainers were purchasing drugs from Seth Fishman, or when these trainers were administering these drugs to racehorses in advance of races.

“Indiscriminate drug testing of various racehorses at various times in the hopes of yielding a positive test (ignoring for the moment that the drugs being administered were designed to be undetectable on drug tests) is not `reasonably likely' to have succeeded, or to have obviated the need for a wiretap. In sum, Seth Fishman has provided no justification for why the proposed alternative techniques would be likely to succeed, and not just be `theoretically possible,” the attorneys conclude.

Glavin and Considine are also seeking to have evidence obtained from wiretaps of the phones of Navarro, veterinarian Kristian Rhein and Alexander Chan, a veterinarian who worked with Rhein, suppressed.

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Navarro Enters Guilty Plea To One Count Of Drug Adulteration And Misbranding Conspiracy

Disgraced trainer Jorge Navarro withdrew his plea of not guilty to two felony charges of drug adulteration and misbranding conspiracy on Aug. 11 and entered a guilty plea to one charge of the same offense. In a video conference before District Judge Mary Kay Vyskocil, Navarro admitted he administered and directed others to administer non-Food and Drug Administration approved misbranded and/or adulterated drugs to improve the performance of racehorses under his care. He also said he took specific actions to avoid detection of those drugs, including using drugs he believed were not testable and working with veterinarians to falsify bills sent to owners, hiding the administration of illegal drugs.

At Wednesday's hearing, Navarro admitted he administered illegal medications to racehorses between 2016 and March 2020, including top runners X Y Jet, War Story, Shancelot, Sharp Azteca, and Nanoosh. Specifically, he admitted that he gave X Y Jet “blood building” substances before an allowance optional claiming race on Feb. 13, 2019, at Gulfstream Park and the Group 1 Dubai Golden Shaheen.

X Y Jet died suddenly in January 2020, at which point he had earned over $3 million. Navarro said at the time the horse was “part of my family.”

Additionally, Navarro admitted he gave bronchodilators to co-defendant Jason Servis. Servis recently filed a motion seeking to have wiretaps taken by the FBI suppressed on the basis that the federal agency was misleading at the time of its application for those wiretaps.

Navarro said he shipped a blood doping agent from his home in Florida to co-defendant Michael Tannuzzo in New Jersey, and also that he gave drugs to co-defendant Marcos Zulueta. When asked whether he provided drugs to other trainers, Navarro paused and said, “I don't recall” before saying he had provided bronchodilators to Servis.

The misbranded or adulterated substances included blood doping agents, vasodilators, misbranded bronchodilators, “bleeder pills” and SGF-1000, according to Navarro. The blood doping agents were produced by Seth Fishman and Gregory Skelton, per Navarro. Some of the substances, he said, were shipped in from outside the United States, including Panama and the Dominican Republic. Navarro did not clarify which substances originated outside the U.S.

Had the case proceeded to trial, prosecutors revealed they had a recording of a phone conversation between Navarro and an unidentified owner of Nanoosh made in May 2019 in which Navarro and the owner agreed to continue giving the horse illegal drugs in hopes of improving his performance. Nanoosh, who was owned in partnership between Zayat Stables, Rockingham Ranch, and David A. Bernsen, was the winner of the Zia Park Derby. In May 2019 he finished sixth in the G3 Salvator Mile and would later be third in his final career start in an allowance optional claiming race.

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Vyskocil did not sentence Navarro at the Aug. 11 hearing but did outline the parameters of the sentencing guidelines that he agreed to in his plea deal with prosecutors. According to statute, the charge he pleaded guilty to comes with a maximum prison sentence of five years, and that was the maximum outlined in the sentencing guidelines. However, Vyskocil made it clear that she could choose to assign penalties beyond the sentencing guidelines and this would not empower Navarro to withdraw his plea.

Navarro could also face a period of supervised release after serving his prison sentence, and that release may come with a number of conditions. Violation of those conditions would result in Navarro going back to prison with no credit for time served on supervised release.

There are a number of elements to Navarro's crimes which had suggested a longer sentence in federal prison. The government uses a formula to help suggest a possible sentence depending on aggravating or mitigating factors, and the elements of Navarro's crime could have escalated his prison sentence to 14 to 17.5 years, but Vyskocil said the maximum allowed by statute was five, and that's what was written into the agreement Navarro signed with prosecutors. Aggravating factors or “enhancements” in Navarro's case included his use of “sophisticated means” to conceal his crimes, his abuse of public trust, and his role as an organizer of the conspiracy.

Federal prison sentences, according to Vyskocil, require that at least 85 percent of the sentence be served; although a prisoner may have the sentence shortened slightly for good behavior, they are not eligible for parole.

There are also likely to be financial penalties to Navarro as a result of his plea. He agreed he will be subject to a fine ranging from $40,000 to $400,000. He has also agreed to forfeit $70,000, and is further on the hook for $25,860,514 in restitution payments. The latter amount represents the amount of purse money won by Navarro's horses as a result of his crime. As with fellow defendant Dr. Kristian Rhein, prosecutors will provide a list of victims of the crime at the time of sentencing, which is scheduled to take place in December.

Vyskocil also noted that Navarro may face additional consequences to his guilty plea as a result of his immigration status. Navarro, 46, is not a citizen of the U.S. but is a citizen of Panama. Vyskocil said immigration authorities could choose to detain or deport him at the conclusion of his prison sentence.

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