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Itchy Horse? Five Potential Offenders

Narrowing down the specific reason why horses persistently itch can be time-consuming and frustrating for their caretakers. Ectoparasites, or external parasites, are a possible cause. Review these five ectoparasites, some of which may be known to you and some of which may not be.

Culicoides and other biting insects. These tiny flying insects, sometimes called no-see-ums or flying midges, wreak havoc on horses. While Culicoides often feed from multiple areas of the horse, they habitually swarm around the belly. These insects cause a hypersensitivity response due to a salivary allergen, and the resulting condition is called Culicoides hypersensitivity, sweet itch, or Queensland itch. A hereditary predisposition to the hypersensitivity is thought to be at play in some instances. Without question, the trademark sign of this hypersensitivity is pruritus, or itchiness. Limiting the occurrence of the hypersensitivity seems to depend on management strategies designed to keep insects away from horses, such as stabling during peak feeding hours, sunrise and sunset; use of ultra-fine mesh or screens over windows; fly control with permethrin; overhead fans; and avoidance of standing water.

In addition to Culicoides, the roster of biting flies that prove bothersome to horses is long: stable, horn, horse, deer, and black flies. All of these can cause pruritic dermatitis in horses through biting. Lesions caused by biting flies are usually treated symptomatically, with therapy consisting of gentle cleansing to remove crusts and application of topical medications, including corticosteroids, at the top of the list. Unlike biting flies, mosquito bites cause swelling but do not exude blood.

Removing habitat that keeps biting insects in the vicinity may help reduce the population, so maintain stalls impeccably and dispose of rotting vegetation and manure far from the barn or anywhere horses congregate. If horn flies are a particular problem, horses may have to be separated from cattle in the area, as these insects require cow manure as part of their life cycle.

Chorioptes mites. These mites are found on the often-hairy lower limbs of draft or draft-type horses, with pruritus as the primary sign and crusts and bald patches, known as alopecia, as ancillary signs. Multiple skin scrapings will likely be necessary to identify the mites because they are often difficult to detect on microscopic examination. Even if skin scrapings reveal no definitive infestation, many veterinarians will treat horses for mites based on the clinical signs. In addition to treating all horses in a herd, the environment, such as stabling, grooming areas, and transport trailers, should be thoroughly cleaned as well, as mites can survive off of hosts.

Lice. In some areas of the world, biting and sucking lice remain a problem, especially in unthrifty horses that are not groomed regularly. Lice seem to be more problematic in the winter, especially when horses are kept confined in close quarters. Biting and sucking lice tend to infest different parts of the horse, with biting lice favoring the topline and the sides of the barrel and sucking lice preferring the mane, tail, and fetlocks. Biting lice tend to be migratory, while sucking lice are inclined to be less mobile.

Chiggers. Less vexing and widespread than biting insects and mites, chiggers can affect horses in North America and Europe. Chiggers are the six-legged larval stage of a plant parasite; interestingly, chiggers require a blood meal to complete their life cycle. Larvae attach to the horse, ingest blood, and then release themselves two to three days after arrival. The lesions caused by chiggers, which usually result in 1-2 mm crusts, have been identified on the head, neck, chest, and limbs. The degree of pruritus depends on the severity of the infestation. An infection with chiggers is termed thrombiculidiasis.

Pinworms. Oxyuriasis is the scientific term for an infestation of pinworms, also known as Oxyuris equi. Adult pinworms reside in the cecum and colon of the horse and feed on fecal matter. Once fertilized, female parasites journey to the rectum and through the anal sphincter to lay eggs in the perineal region. Eggs are bound by an irritating gelatinous matter that incites intense pruritus.

Infested animals rub the top of their tail incessantly to stem the itchiness, almost always to the point where tail hair is ruffled and broken and sometimes so badly that baldness and bleeding occur. Pinworms should be considered a possible diagnosis if the horse is rubbing just its tail; a horse rubbing both its mane and tail is likely to have a different parasitological problem, such as Culicoides infection.

Horses that persistently itch should be examined by a veterinarian, as many of these parasite problems do not resolve without treatment. Some horses become stressed to the point of inappetence if infestation and pruritus are severe enough. If flying insects are especially abundant, horses, especially sensitive ones, will run to keep insects from hovering and biting. This can have detrimental effects on body condition, hoof health, and soundness.

All horses should have access to a well-formulated diet, appropriate housing or shelter, and regular grooming. Two dietary supplements known to benefit skin and coat condition are Bio-Bloom PS (Bio-Bloom HF in Australia) and EO-3. Bio-Bloom PS contains biotin and several other nutrients known for their positive effects on integumentary tissues, such as hooves, skin, and hair. EO-3 is a fish oil rich in the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA that helps reduce body-wide inflammation. Many horse owners extol the virtues of fish oil in relieving skin problems in horses, including those caused by ectoparasites.

White, S.D. 2019. Working up the pruritic horse. In: Proc. 41st Bain Fallon Lectures. Equine Veterinarians Australia, pp. 32-40.

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Omega-3s And Inflammation In Athletic Horses

Inflammation is part and parcel to building strength and fitness in equine athletes. One key to training, however, is keeping inflammation at controllable levels after exercise so recovery occurs quickly and training continues unhindered. New findings from Kentucky Equine Research (KER) suggest long-chain omega-3s may be useful in managing inflammation in hard-working horses.

Using eight Thoroughbreds in race training, the researchers designed a 28-day study to determine the effect of long-chain omega-3 (EO-3) supplementation and exercise on blood serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels and inflammation. The enzyme GGT breaks down glutathione, a potent antioxidant. As levels of GGT rise, less glutathione is available to neutralize free radicals, leaving more cells susceptible to the damaging effects of oxidation.

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“Interest in the effect of omega-3s on inflammation stemmed from consistently high concentrations of the enzyme GGT in blood samples of some racing Thoroughbreds,” said Laura Petroski-Rose, B.V.M.S., a veterinarian with Kentucky Equine Research.

In the study, four of the horses were supplemented daily with 60 mL (2 ounces) of EO-3, while four horses served as controls and received the same feed without EO-3. All horses were fed 13to 15 pounds (6-7 kg) of a commercial racing feed (12 percent protein, 8 percent fat) with free-choice timothy hay. During the study, the horses were galloped three times per week (1-1.5 miles per session) on a racetrack and jogged three times per week (30 minutes per session) on a mechanical exerciser. At the conclusion of the 28 days, the horses performed an exercise test on the racetrack that consisted of a warm-up jog, ten-furlong (2,000-meter) gallop, and a two-furlong (400-meter) breeze. Blood samples were taken before exercise as well as two and four hours post-exercise.

The horses supplemented with EO-3 had significantly lower GGT levels two and four hours post-exercise compared to the control horses. This may have resulted from a reduction in inflammation observed post-exercise in the horses fed EO-3. Read more about the study.

From The Beginning: A Conversation With An Equine Orthopedic Pioneer

Do you ever wonder how someone becomes an expert in a given field? Brilliance, tenacity, ambition, savvy, every one in heaping measure? And then some, likely! Without question, Wayne McIlwraith proved a forerunner in the field of equine orthopedics, influencing how skeletal problems are treated in high-performance horses. In a candid interview with Kentucky Equine Research, he described his childhood in rural New Zealand and how he ended up in the United States. Along the way, you'll learn of the extraordinary contributions he has made to the horse industry.

The complete transcript of the interview can be found in the proceedings of the 2018 Kentucky Equine Research Conference.

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Can you give us a little insight into your background?

I was brought up in a small town in New Zealand, but I spent quite a lot of my school holidays at my aunt and uncle's high-country sheep station. They had cattle and sheep, and it's relatively remote. I thought the lifestyle was great and when the vets came up, I thought it was a really interesting career. My aunt also rode and competed at show jumping. She taught me to ride, which transitioned me from looking at racehorses to actually riding horses, and I was hooked. I also spent time, as a high school student, in one of the local veterinary practices. I made the decision to pursue veterinary school at Massey University in New Zealand. I was interested, initially, in large-animal practice—sheep, cows and horses. I actually worked in a mixed-animal practice for two years after I graduated, with a lot of surgery involved, because of sheepdog injuries. That was my start in orthopedic surgery. Sheepdogs get a lot of cruciate ruptures and bone fractures.

I left New Zealand in 1973 to lead a climbing expedition in the Peruvian Andes. After three months climbing and three months traveling in South America, I went to England and worked as a relief veterinarian in a large-animal practice in Wales for six weeks and a small-animal practice in the East End of London for about four months.

Then, after three months climbing in the European Alps, I started a one-year internship at the University of Guelph in Canada. At that time, surgeons were starting to save horses with colic. So the first thing that attracted me to equine surgery was the challenge of fixing horses with twisted bowels because many horses with colic were euthanized at that time. The internship involved all facets of equine surgery, including orthopedics and lameness, and I became excited about all these pursuits. I decided, “This is what I want to do.” So I applied for residencies and got a residency at Purdue University in Indiana, and by then I was certainly proceeding down the road to specialty surgery.

What drew you further into work with horses? And, ultimately, why did you view the horse as an ideal model for orthopedic research, specifically in surgery?

My internship at Guelph was in large-animal surgery, principally horses. I found that I enjoyed working around horses and I worked well with horses. My initial goal when I went to Purdue was to be trained as a specialist in equine surgery. My advisor and mentor, Dr. Jack Fessler, gave me a research project in synovitis, inflammation of the lining of the joint, as part of my master's degree, which we did simultaneous with the residency program. This was a really critical juncture for me because two things happened.

First of all, I was working with an experimental model of synovitis and started to read the literature, which was virtually nonexistent in the horse. This was 1975 and 1976. The human literature on osteoarthritis was also quite confusing, being described as the arthritis just happening, with any inflammation secondary. What we showed in this study was that if you inflamed a joint and you did nothing else—if you didn't destabilize it or cause physical trauma—you could still get cartilage degradation. That was contrary to medical thinking in humans, and as I said, there wasn't much literature on the horse.

Then Dr. David Van Sickle asked me if I'd continue the work into a doctorate, in the same model, but looking at more outcome parameters and more questions. So I got very good training in joint disease because he had done so much research on the pathology of joints and established the Bone and Articulation Research Laboratory at the Purdue School of Veterinary Medicine. Much of his work was in canine joints, so I had the opportunity to learn a lot from him and to take it into the horse. And it was a big opportunity because there'd been hardly anything done.

The second thing that was pivotal for my career was that I read about the arthroscope. The arthroscope was just beginning to be used as a diagnostic tool in humans. The state-of-the-art then was that if you had knee pain, you had an arthrotomy and your meniscus was taken out, based on the positioning of the pain. This was before MRI. Dr. Lanny Johnson, who was a professor at the medical school at Michigan State University, was having a course in diagnostic arthroscopy. And I guess I was cheeky enough to call him up and say, “I'd like to come to your course. I'm a veterinary surgery resident, not a human surgery resident.” And he said, “Oh, it'd be great to have you. Come on up. I won't charge you a registration fee.” So I drove up to Michigan State, and a couple hundred medical doctors and I learned how to do a diagnostic arthroscopy of the human knee.

So I went back to Purdue, and the university bought me an arthroscope so I could do diagnostic arthroscopy in analogous fashion to what they were doing in humans. I finished my doctorate degree, and I'd done a lot of arthroscopy, but just diagnostically. Then I got the job as an assistant professor at Colorado State University (CSU) in 1979.

That's when I started, with the help of a human orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Ron Grober, who visited me from Florida for a day, developing triangulation techniques to do surgery. So, in other words, rather than just look, we were working to perform the surgical manipulation and visualization with the arthroscope. Those were the early days, when we were looking at the joint directly through the scope, and human orthopedists were doing it the same way. Those were early, pioneering days, and there was resistance to the technique both in human medicine and in the horse.

So I came to CSU equipped with a reasonable knowledge of joint disease. Plus, I had started using the arthroscope. Then we developed the surgical techniques. So my career has involved a research pathway and a clinical pathway. And, of course, they both join together.

Much of your clinical path has involved racehorse patients. How and why did you gain an affinity for racehorses and working with those patients?

Well, it was more a case of them getting affinity for me, because I had a technique that most other equine surgeons were not doing yet. I came here in August 1979 as one of four surgeons. Dr. Simon Turner soon got engaged in arthroscopic surgery here as well. By 1981, we had developed techniques to arthroscopically remove carpal chip fragments. We could also take chip fragments off the front of the fetlock joint arthroscopically. These were the two main surgical conditions in racehorses. So horses started coming here from 10 surrounding states. There were a couple of veterinarians doing some arthroscopy on the East Coast, but nobody else in the West. So we would get horses from Utah, Nevada, California, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, Montana. There was strong racing in a number of those states at that time.

Starting in 1983, Dr. Turner and I started giving six arthroscopic surgery courses a year, and we could only take 12 people at a time because we're looking through the arthroscope. It was before we had video cameras, so it was very laborious.

Dr. Nancy Goodman, who was a CSU veterinary graduate, was in a racetrack practice in California, and she couldn't get into one of our courses because they were booked up. So she asked me to come down and do surgery on a couple of horses. I flew down to that clinic, and we operated on four horses and got done at 2 a.m. And then she had me back the following week for another four. And then I went for a weekend, and I ended up marrying Dr. Goodman. That started my surgical referral practice in Orange County, California. The first 16 years that Nancy and I were married, she worked eight months a year in California, and I was down there every other weekend doing surgery. When Nancy retired from racetrack practice after 20 years, in 2001, surgical practice continued with her as my primary assistant.

Fast-forward to now. A lot of horses that undergo arthroscopic surgery here at CSU are Quarter Horses in western performance disciplines. In the early days, we didn't have the techniques to treat stifle injuries, which are often seen in these equine athletes, such as cutting horses and reining horses. The stifle, which includes the femoropatellar and femorotibial joints, was the endgame because doing surgery on femorotibial joints, in particular, was more complicated. We developed a technique for femoropatellar joints and published it in 1986, but femorotibial joints came along after that.

Other techniques came pretty quickly with multiple techniques developed by other equine arthroscopic experts in addition to our group. In the early 1980s, I certainly would not have predicted how far we would go with arthroscopic surgery and that we would be able to treat many racehorses for their injuries and have them come back to full athletic ability. Because of their multiple injuries, racehorses became the poster child for arthroscopic surgery. But it is now a powerful tool for treatment of joint injuries as well as problems of the tendon sheaths and bursae in all breeds.

A lot of people who get involved in racehorses are brought up with them. I wasn't, but I was always fascinated by racehorses. I used to bike up to the racetrack in my hometown of Oamaru when they had a meet. My mother didn't like it because that was gambling and she was a good Presbyterian. But I was always fascinated by it. I got heavily involved in the racing industry, both racing Quarter Horses and racing Thoroughbreds, by virtue of operating on them. I love it and I'm passionate about it. I still do surgery on them. For a long time, Nancy said the only way I liked horses was when they were on their backs with surgical drapes on them! I think she retracts that now and we currently have 12 horses at home. We did revolutionize things for racehorses with arthroscopic surgery in similar fashion to human orthopedics.

Arthroscopic surgery for equine athletes was the biggest revolution at the time in being able to treat musculoskeletal problems and get them back to their previous level of racing. While we developed a lot of the techniques for arthroscopic surgery, other equine surgeons did their share as well. We put on our first advanced arthroscopic surgery course at CSU in 1988, and we became the place where most veterinarians came to learn it. Our textbook on Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse, whose fourth edition was published in 2015, has 454 pages reflecting the evolution.

You mentioned that you were fascinated by racehorses as a child and continue to be. Why? What about them have you found so captivating?

They are beautiful. And you see them with the jockeys dressed in their colors. It was fascinating, the whole thing—the speed and the excitement. Horse races were much better attended when I was growing up. In New Zealand, at that time, every race from across the country was on the radio on Saturdays. This was pre-television, as we got a black-and-white TV at home in my last year of high school. It was just like the days of Seabiscuit over here. Thousands of people went to the races; it was a real happening.

So let's fast-forward. Set the scene for us, in 1979, you're being interviewed to come to CSU. Whom did you interview with? What drew you to CSU? And what did you hope to accomplish here?

I interviewed here in 1979, and they had just opened the Veterinary Teaching Hospital on Drake Road. It had been open for two weeks. Dr. Jim Voss was head of the Department of Clinical Sciences. He had me stay at the Thunderbird Motel on the corner of College and Drake. The vet hospital was basically the only place on Drake that existed. Dr. Voss had a two-day interview process. You talk to everybody, and you give a seminar.

Then Dr. Voss was taking me to dinner with three other faculty members, including Dr. Simon Turner, who had been counseling me to shave off my beard, which I had at the time. So Dr. Voss picked me up in his pickup truck, and he was chewing tobacco, and I soon figured out I was in real cowboy country in the West. And he says, “OK, we've got 10 minutes for you to tell me what you think, what you like, what you don't like, and then we're going to get drunk.” Well, it wasn't badly drunk, but we had a great dinner at the Prime Minister, and drinks certainly loosened things up.

During dinner, Dr. Voss asked, “Why did you shave off your beard?” He had been at a meeting where I'd spoken three months earlier. I said, “Well, Dr. Turner told me I couldn't communicate with you guys with hair on my face.” He says, “Oh, that's no problem.” And I said, “Well, I'll grow it back then.” And Dr. Bob Shideler said, “Oh, it would be good if you didn't, Wayne.” That's one of the two main things I remember about the interview. The other main memory was how much I wanted to get the job at CSU. I did get offered the job as an assistant professor and I arrived in August 1979, still clean-shaven.

You're known at CSU as a University Distinguished Professor of Orthopaedics and as founding director of the Orthopaedic Research Center. But you've worn other hats through the years, including director of the undergraduate program in Equine Science. Tell us about those other roles.

That came about in 1994, when I'd been here 15 years. Dr. Bill Pickett started the Equine Sciences Program, which consisted of the undergraduate program in Equine Science and the Equine Reproduction Laboratory, and then he retired. Dr. Voss had become dean, and he was quite visionary. They had a search open for the new director of the Equine Sciences Program.

Dr. Voss called me and said, “I want to talk you into taking over Equine Sciences.” That would mean taking over the undergraduate program and the Equine Reproduction Lab. But he also said, “I want you to build the biggest equine orthopedic research program there is.” His plan was to replace me in the clinic and give me a tenure-track position in research as well. Nancy and I discussed it, and we decided it was a good opportunity if I was going to move forward. I wanted to continue surgery, and that was no problem because of my practice in Southern California.

For seven years, I was in charge of all three programs. I was building up the Orthopaedic Research Center and was director of the Equine Reproduction Laboratory, as well as the Equine Science undergraduate program. Then the Orthopaedic Research Center developed a critical mass, and I wanted to devote all my time to that. So that's how I had a seven-year swing through Equine Sciences.

You're an international pioneer in arthroscopic surgery and joint disease research in horses. And you've been honored many times by academic colleagues and others. As you survey your career, what do you consider your biggest achievements?

Pioneering arthroscopic surgery in the horse has been an achievement, along with teaching a lot of people how to do it, and writing the book on it (Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse, in its fourth edition). And the second is developing the Orthopaedic Research Center. It started as the Equine Orthopaedic Center, but because of research grants from the National Institutes of Health and corporations, we've just left it as Orthopaedic Research Center. That's how we've got where we are now.

What do you consider to be your biggest, most important research breakthroughs or innovations?

They build on each other, as research does. Going back to my doctoral work, even though it's just one paper in the veterinary literature, recognizing the critical nature of synovitis actually turned out to be very important long-term for translational purposes. At the time, human doctors emphasized that osteoarthritis was not inflammatory, which seemed a bit strange, because it certainly was in the horse. Understanding that led into evaluating different treatments for the synovitis, and thereby making a lot of horses better. It has been important to validate the various treatments in joint disease as good, bad, or otherwise, and that is all part of the recognition of synovitis.

Another big breakthrough was the gene therapy work that Dr. Dave Frisbie did with me for his doctorate, in collaboration with Dr. Christopher Evans, who was at the University of Pittsburgh and then moved to Harvard. We showed that interleukin-1 was the bad guy and that the equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, which is a natural antagonist, would shut down inflammation in the joint, and the consequent osteoarthritic change. This work was our first venture into the world of biologic therapies.

Our cartilage-healing research has been important, along with use of the horse as a model for cartilage repair in humans. Early diagnosis of musculoskeletal disease, because of the drastic consequences that you can have with catastrophic injury, is a huge part of our work. This started with Dr. Chris Kawcak's doctoral studies with Dr. Bob Norrdin and me showing how quickly microdamage could develop in the exercising horse and that this was the initial event in osteochondral fractures. While this microdamage could be displayed in pathology samples, we needed to be able to diagnose it before it became a critical fracture in the horse. We have made considerable progress in identifying imaging biomarkers, including nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography, and MRI, as well as fluid biomarkers that we can pick up in the serum. This area is still a work in progress but has got the best potential of predicting catastrophic injury compared to other techniques.

The two biggest breakthroughs in sports medicine, whether it's horse or humans, are arguably arthroscopic surgery and biologic therapies. That's where we are now, as we transition into the Translational Medicine Institute. These are therapies that have minimal side-effects and take us to a newer level. They include proteins, cellular therapies, and stem-cell therapies. We have taken a problem that we treat arthroscopically, and we've been able to raise our success rates significantly with the additional use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Continuing this path of discussion, define translational medicine.

Transitional medicine is the use of basic laboratory research, preclinical research in vivo, and clinical examination that leads to patient success, with what we learn in animals often translating into improved medical treatment in humans. The outcome is better diagnosis and better treatment of the patient, whether animal or human.

What do you see as the role of biomedical research and veterinary medicine in the process you just described? Essentially, what is the unique contribution of veterinary medicine in that spectrum of discovery and improved care?

At the present time, you're never going to get a medication or a biologic technique validated and licensed for use in humans until you do good preclinical research in animals. So, pragmatically, you've got to have preclinical work conducted by veterinarians in animals before you can get it into humans. Additionally, many diseases that occur naturally in people also occur naturally in animals. That makes veterinary research and clinical treatment important in advancing human medicine: when we join our efforts and join our discoveries, we find more effective treatments more quickly.

Here, we're interested in musculoskeletal disease and injuries, such as osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, tendon injury. The horse gets these naturally, as does the person. With cancer, the dog is the translational starting point, because they develop so much cancer during the course of their lives, just as humans do.

Veterinary medicine is critical, and it's recognized a lot more, too. In the old days, it was like, “Well, animals are different than people.” You'll still get some pedantic souls who talk like that, but there are lots of parallels.

Did you have an epiphany sometime during your education or your career, when you realized, “This work I'm doing could have far-reaching implications, not only for animal health, but for human health?”

It's been more of an evolution. I learned how to use an arthroscope from a human orthopedic surgeon. After that, we developed the techniques in equine arthroscopic surgery. We got into inflammation and recognizing the importance of synovitis through study in the horse. Now, there's lots of papers in human medicine on the critical nature of primary synovitis and primary subchondral bone disease, something that we've known ever since we started clinically treating horses and have also defined more closely with research. We've always felt that many findings in horses could be extrapolated to humans.

We started working with Dr. Richard Steadman at the Steadman Clinic and Dr. Bill Rodkey at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute in Vail because they wanted us to validate the use of microfracture as a surgical technique to repair damaged areas of articular cartilage of the knee. After that, we had corporations coming to us to test treatments in the horse, and later worked on quite a number of grants from the National Institutes of Health with us doing pivotal preclinical studies in the horse.

What do you think of as a best example of work you've done in the horse that has been applicable to human musculoskeletal disease?

We have worked collaboratively with experts in biomarkers in osteoarthritis. From that, we have developed biomarkers to predict early osteoarthritic change in the horse that also have a fairly good probability of predicting catastrophic fracture, or at least significant musculoskeletal injury, in the horse.

We worked with Dr. Chris Evans, who is arguably the father of gene therapy in human orthopedics, on the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist research. He pointed out that, for the first time, we showed with gene therapy we could get a clinical response close to a cure for osteoarthritis.

Our results with mesenchymal stem cells have been very impressive in the horse. The proof of principle has been accomplished. The optimal use of these cells given the current regulatory standards, including the need to ensure safety, is an evolving challenge. But we've been able to prove the value of these therapies and to stimulate further developmental efforts in human medicine. Our efforts are certainly a small part of the overall human landscape, and people such as Dr. Arnold Caplan at Case Western pioneered the work in bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells starting over 20 years ago. The advantage of the horse is that we've been able to do clinical studies and get good proof of principle of how they can significantly enhance our ability to treat osteoarthritis, cartilage disease, and tendon injury.

Can you provide a brief introduction to the Translational Medicine Institute?

The Translational Medicine Institute is an evolution from the Orthopaedic Research Center that we started in 1994 and built into a large research program (the largest orthopedic research center in a veterinary school anywhere in the world). The Translational Medicine Institute was a vision by Drs. Dave Frisbie, Chris Kawcak, and me that we sold to John and Leslie Malone. John agreed to be the lead donor. We had to get a matching donation and this was provided by Abigail Kawananakoa. We are going to continue what we have always done for horses but with a larger translational human component. In addition to a $77 million building, we have achieved partnerships with a number of critical programs in human regenerative therapies and sports medicine and one of the principal aims is to be able to not just develop therapies but fast-track them as much as possible into the human patient as well as the equine patient.

Looking forward, what do you see for yourself in the next several years?

I am in transitional retirement, as it is called at Colorado State University. Though I am trying to slow down a bit, it's not going very well at the moment. I have handed over administration to Drs. Frisbie and Kawcak and plan on retirement in another two years. Certainly, I will always have an office and be coming in, but I don't see myself losing any passion for what our program is doing. I want to stay involved with surgery and consultation in the equine industry and doing my bit to keep translating our vision into reality. I am leaving a large group of terrific people to carry on the cause. Other than that, my aim is to rock-climb more, spend more time with my wife, and visit my second home in New Zealand more often.

Study: Withholding Feed Affects Water Intake In Horses

Horses sometimes refuse to drink following competition. One study shows that decreased water intake may result from decreased feed consumption.*

Horses primarily drink water after eating. This behavior appears to be prompted by the large volumes of water that move into the large colon after a meal, drawing it out of circulation. As a result, horses feel dehydrated, essentially spiking thirst and driving them to drink.

“Owners withhold feed from their horses for a variety of reasons: before transport, prior to competition, or even by feeding 'meals' twice a day rather than allowing horses more continual access to feed,” advised Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a Kentucky Equine Research nutrition advisor.

Feeding patterns and behaviors could therefore have a profound effect on a horse's water intake and overall hydration status, performance, and health.

To better understand patterns of voluntary water intake, the amount of water consumed by eight fed and fasted horses was measured for four days. When fed, horses were offered high-grain diets consisting of 4.5 pounds (2 kg) grain and 18 pounds (8 kg) Bermudagrass hay per day divided into two meals. All horses had access to 40 liters of fresh water throughout the study period. Various physical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed during the study.

Key findings included:

Feed deprivation did not cause any changes in vital signs or physical examination findings;
Horses remained alert and responsive to their environments. They did not have any behavior changes, such as eating bedding or splashing in the water;
Assessment of mucous membranes revealed no indication of dehydration;
Horses lost 7.2 percent of their body weight during the four-day study period;
Voluntary water intake was significantly lower when feed was deprived;
The decrease in water intake began within 12 hours of withholding feed;
Fecal and urine output appeared to decline based on direct observation;
Sodium was significantly reduced during the feed deprivation; and
Although still within normal limits, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly higher in feed-deprived horses, consistent with mild dehydration.

“Feed deprivation resulted in an immediate and consistent reduction in voluntary water consumption. Horses appeared to only become mildly dehydrated, likely because horses can draw water from their large colon to preserve water balance for a short period of time,” explained Whitehouse.

In sum, these results confirm that even short-term withdrawal of feed results in a substantial decrease in voluntary water consumption. Therefore, feed interruptions for horses being transported for competition, for example, can potentially negatively affect performance due to inadequate hydration levels.

“Horses with decreased feed consumption, either due to reduced appetite or management strategies, may be at risk for chronic mild or low-grade dehydration. This may be particularly salient for horses actively involved in competition. An electrolyte supplement offered with water in conjunction with a small meal may help tempt voluntary water intake,” advised Whitehouse.

*Freeman, D.E., A. Mooney, S. Giguère, J. Claire, C. Evetts, and P. Diskant. 2021. Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses. Equine Veterinary Journal. 53(1):117-124.