Horse Care | Horse Racing Free Tips

Research: Riding Equivalent To Jogging, Soccer In Energy Expenditure

Despite the fact that horseback riding is a popular sport, there is little information available on horseback riding as a physical activity. The objective of this experiment, conducted at Texas A&M University, was to quantify energy expenditure of participants during three riding tests: a 45 minute walk-trot-canter ride, a reining pattern ride and a cutting simulation ride while wearing a telemetric gas analyzer.

Average metabolic equivalents of task and heart rate responses were greater for riders during the long trot portion of the walk-trot-canter and cutting rides compared to the overall walk-trot-canter ride. When the walk-trot-canter ride was evaluated by gait, average metabolic equivalents of task increased as gait speed increased. Riders engaged in cutting and reining experienced more-intense exercise in short durations, while walk-trot-canter riders has a greater overall total energy expenditure due to the duration of the activity. Interestingly, all three riding activities were similar in peak metabolic output compared to activities like jogging, and playing soccer and rugby.

This study highlights the importance of horseback riding as a viable tool to support health through physical activity. As gait speed increased so did the intensity of work output by the rider, suggesting it is possible for health benefits to be achieved through horseback riding, particularly if riding at the more intense gaits.

For more information, read the abstract at the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science.

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Read The Label On That Gut Supplement Plus Other Tips From An Equine Nutritionist

Feeding performance horses, who are often in regular, intense work programs and traveling to competitions, is a unique challenge from feeding backyard riding horses. The nature of a performance horse's life – travel, work, exposure to new environments, temporary housing, and new hay or water – combine to make these busy horses more susceptible to certain digestive health problems, and it can be hard to balance their energy needs without increasing their chances for those digestive issues.

Dr. Kelly Vineyard, senior nutritionist for Purina, gave a presentation at the virtual annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners with a few considerations for the best way to achieve this balance.

Most of us know that maximizing turnout time has been shown to reduce a horse's risk of colic, gastric ulcers, and other issues. What you may not know is that horses who know they're going to have limited turnout time tend to eat more quickly than those with longer stretches of time on pasture. A 500-kilogram horse on pasture for four hours or less will eat a little over one kilogram of dry matter per hour, whereas one turned out for longer will eat more like a half kilogram of dry matter per hour. Other research has shown that consistent, small amounts of forage over an extended time seem to be more agreeable to horses than large amounts followed by periods of fasting.
Of course, it's difficult to get more turnout time for performance horses due to pasture availability and other management needs. Vineyard suggests that small hole hay nets are a good way to mimic this more relaxed forage consumption. The usual recommendation is that a horse eat 1 percent of its body weight in dry matter forage, but Vineyard prefers them to get closer to 1.5 to 2 percent.
It is not a good idea to feed lots of poor quality forage in an attempt to keep a horse eating; lower quality hay is a potential trigger to sensitive horses prone to colic or ulcers and it's also more difficult for the gut to break down. Alfalfa is known to be a natural buffer due to its high calcium and magnesium content, so alfalfa or alfalfa/grass mix is the best option for horses in need of extra GI health considerations.
Even good pasture isn't often enough to meet the energy requirements of a horse in hard work, but Vineyard cautions against grains that are high in starch. Starch is thought to increase the risk of certain hind gut problems. Instead, Vineyard suggests that feeds boosted with fat and fiber as energy sources are friendlier choices for digestive health.
Lots of owners are tempted to add probiotics, prebiotics, or yeast-based supplements to their horse's diet in an attempt to guard against digestive issues. Vineyard encourages owners to scrutinize these supplement products, which aren't regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Question whether there is research and published data on the product, whether the ingredients are readily stated, and whether those ingredients are present in proportions that are similar to other products (because having too little of a good ingredient will make the product ineffective). Also be ready to reevaluate whether a product is doing its job after 30 or 60 days of administration.“There is still no substitute for proper feed selection and implementation of proper feeding practices,” said Vineyard.
Many people know that changes between grains need to be managed slowly, but Vineyard said especially sensitive horses also need gradual transitions between different batches of hay or even major changes in pasture. When possible, make these switches slowly over a few days or even a couple of weeks.

Inflammatory bowel issues can be a common problem in horses, resulting in chronic diarrhea and weight loss despite a high quality diet. Vineyard suggests your veterinarian will have a protocol to deal with this, but it will probably involve giving the colon a break. Long-stemmed forage is much harder for the intestine to break down and can often be replaced with chopped or pelleted hay. Complete, pelleted feeds like senior feeds can be a good option for horses recovering from a period of inflammation or intestinal damage. Psyllium supplementation may also be useful for these cases.

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U.S. House Passes Amendment To Effectively Ban Horse Slaughter

An amendment that would ban the transportation of horses across state lines or to Canada or Mexico for slaughter for human consumption passed the U.S. House of Representatives Thursday. The amendment is part of the Investing in a New Vision for the Environment and Surface Transportation in America (INVEST) Act, bipartisan legislation supported by President Joe Biden that now moves to the Senate for consideration.

The amendment, which would effectively ban horse slaughter in the United States if it becomes law, was sponsored in the House of Representatives by Troy Carter (D-LA), Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA) and John Katko (R-NY). The amendment was supported by a number of U.S. Thoroughbred industry organizations, including the National Thoroughbred Racing Association (NTRA). The NTRA will be advocating for the inclusion of this amendment as part of any final infrastructure bill passed by Congress.

The measure is supported by leading animal welfare groups, including the ASPCA® (The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals®), the Animal Welfare Institute, the Humane Society of the United States, the Humane Society Legislative Fund, and Return to Freedom Wild Horse Conservation – members of a coalition that worked with the sponsors and members of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee to strengthen the language of this new amendment.

American horses have not been slaughtered for human consumption in the U.S. since 2007, thanks to overwhelming public opposition and a federal restriction on funding. However, a loophole in the law allows tens of thousands of equines to be trucked across U.S. borders each year.

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Research Confirms Bisphosphonates Can Linger In Horses’ Bones For Years

Bisphosphonates continue to be a topic of concern in the racing world, most notably raised by a report of a positive test from John Salder trainee Flagstaff, but researchers are still learning about how to find and regulate the drugs in horses. Although two drugs, sold under the trade names Osphos and Tildren, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in horses several years ago, research into the drugs' action in young horses and the length of its life inside the equine body is still catching up. (FDA-mandated testing is focused on safety and efficacy of a new drug, not necessarily the ability of a state racing commission to detect it in a post-race sample from a young racehorse.)

Read more about bisphosphonates in our archives here and here.

Dr. Heather Knych, renowned equine pharmacologist at the University of California-Davis, gave an overview of current research on bisphosphonates at the most recent, virtual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP).

A few takeaways:

Bisphosphonates may be new to the horse world, where they are FDA-approved for the management of navicular syndrome in older horses, but the drug class has actually been in use in different settings for a couple of centuries. Knych explained that the substance was first used in the detergent industry in the 1800s as a water softener, anti-corrosive or anti-scaling agent. Their action on calcium carbonate made them effective in these settings. They were adapted as therapeutic drugs for human bone conditions in the 1970s.
While we've most often heard of bisphosphoantes in humans as part of osteoporosis treatment, they've also been used in metastatic bone disorders, and multiple myeloma.
We know that after an administration, bisphosphonates disappear from blood fairly quickly – their half life is one to two hours in plasma, but they can linger on bone surfaces for months or years.
Bisphosphonates seem to prefer settling in trabecular bone – bones like skulls and ribs that take less mechanical stress – over cortical bone, like the long bones in limbs. It withdraws from bones based on the amount of turnover in that bone, which can vary depending on age, exercise, and trauma.
Concentrations of bisphosphonates continues to increase as concentrations of it elsewhere decreases. It can also release from bone back into blood in small amounts and move into other bone surfaces, though we don't know a lot about why and when it does that.
Knych presented the results of a two-part study led by researchers across multiple universities to learn more about how long bisphosphonates linger in the skeleton. The first part of the project required administration of the two FDA-approved bisphosphonates – Osphos and Tildren – to a total of four horses in university research programs who were already slated for euthanasia for unrelated reasons. Bone samples were taken after euthanasia, which came four days or 30 days after administration in each drug group. Samples from the radial bones showed detectable amounts of both drugs four days after administration, with levels of Tildren being higher in both samples. Thirty days after administration, both drugs could be found in all bones sampled, even right and left molars. Concentrations of both drugs were highest in the tuber coxae (hips).
In the second phase of the study, researchers tested blood and fluid samples from four horses euthanized due to on-track injuries in California – three whose connections said they'd never had bisphosphonates, and one who had a treatment 18 months prior. The team could find no evidence of bisphosphonates in the three horses with no treatment history. The horse who had been treated 18 months before had no detectable amounts of the drug in serum, urine, or synovial fluid, but did have a detectable level in a sample from the radial bone.
These results suggest, in line with what veterinarians had expected based on human data, that the drug does linger on the surfaces of bone for considerable periods of time, and lives on different bones in different ways.
Knych acknowledged that both parts of the study came from extremely small sample sizes, as is often true in academic research with horses, and that further study is needed to better understand how bisphosphonates work in the equine body.

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