UPenn Researchers Develop Test To Detect Gene Doping In Racehorses

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (Penn Vet) have successfully developed a new test to systemically detect the local administration of illicit, gene doping therapies in equine athletes. The findings from the novel study, supported in part by the Pennsylvania Horse Breeders Association (PHBA) and the Pennsylvania State Horse Racing Commission, are a significant breakthrough in the collective fight to advance the welfare and integrity of sport for both horses and humans.

Unlike other small molecule pharmaceuticals, gene doping agents trigger cells to produce performance enhancing proteins. These proteins, which often are more elusive due to their virtually indistinguishable characteristics from naturally occurring proteins within the body, can make it more difficult to determine whether or not an animal or human has had gene therapy administered. Until now, that is.

Led by Mary Robinson, PhD, VMD, DACVCP, assistant professor of Veterinary Pharmacology and director of the Equine Pharmacology Laboratory at Penn Vet's New Bolton Center, the team of Penn Vet researchers have created and validated a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction test – commonly known as a PCR test – that is able to detect the presence of a gene doping agent in plasma and synovial fluid after its intra-articular administration in horses.

“For the first time, we have demonstrated that a PCR test performed on a blood sample can detect the local administration of a gene therapy into the joint of a horse,” said Robinson. “While this test is currently limited in that it can only detect a specific gene therapy, it provides proof of concept that a gene therapy administered into the joint can be detected in a blood sample in a manner that is quick, convenient, and consistent with our long-term goal of deploying pre-race testing someday in the future,” she added.

Not only were the Penn Vet researchers able to detect the presence of this product in equine joint fluid after gene therapy was administered intra-articularly, they were also able to detect it in blood for up to 28 days. This represents a significantly robust window of time that could be useful for pre-race as well as out of competition testing.

“The ability to detect the presence of these gene doping agents in blood after local administration to joints just magnifies the implications of this game-changing development,” said Joanne Haughan, one of the lead investigators on the study. “The science is closing in on those who seek to use these advancements for wrongful means; the more we learn with each study, the harder it will be for individuals who seek to cheat the system using gene doping strategies.”

This ongoing body of research in gene doping is being performed concurrently with Penn Vet's larger multi-tiered, multi-year project to expand upon New Bolton Center's equine BioBank. Established in 2017 using internal funds from the Raymond Firestone Trust Research Grant and expanded in 2018 with support from the PHBA, the growing database collects and analyzes multiple types of samples, looking for a myriad of potential biomarkers in equine athletes. With the goal of someday creating “biological passports,” researchers believe these biomarkers could also be key in detecting gene doping as well as predicting injuries before they happen.

“As breeders, protecting the health, safety, and well-being of our horses is a deeply profound and personal priority for our membership,” said Brian Sanfratello, Executive Secretary of the PHBA. “These scientific discoveries get us one step closer to our dream of someday keeping equine sport completely clean. We are proud to support Dr. Robinson and her team of experts as they continue to incrementally drive us closer and closer to making that dream a reality.”

With the completion of a third study on the horizon, Penn Vet's researchers seek to further expand and refine their testing methodology in order to create screening tests that would successfully identify multiple gene doping agents for even longer periods of time.

“We still have a lot of work to do to better understand the nature of bio-markers and how to fully harness their capabilities, but the science for detecting gene doping is getting there and much more quickly than any of us could have anticipated when we started this research,” added Robinson. “Ideas that once may have seemed unattainable – like a hand-held, stall-side testing device – are now coming into sight as real and tangible possibilities. We just need continued support to help get us there.”

Dr. Mary Robinson is an assistant professor of veterinary pharmacology and director of the Equine Pharmacology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

Additional investigators on the study include Penn Vet's Faculty and Staff including Dr. Joanne Haughan, Dr. Zibin Jiang, Dr. Darko Stefanovski, Dr. Kyla Ortved, and fourth year Penn Vet student Ms. Kaitlyn Moss.

This study is currently supported in part by the Pennsylvania Horse Breeders Association and the Pennsylvania State Horse Racing Commission, in addition to grants from the University of Pennsylvania McCabe Fund (Ortved) and New Bolton Center's Raymond Firestone Trust Research Grant (Haughan and Robinson). Individuals or organizations who would like to support the program through a financial donation are encouraged to contact Margaret Leardi, Director of Development for New Bolton Center, at mleardi at vet. upenn.edu. 

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Tygart: USADA, Cycling Played A Role In Federal Indictments

Speaking on the Thoroughbred Daily News Writer's Room podcast this week, U.S. Anti-Coping Agency CEO Travis Tygart revealed the organization may have had a hand in the federal indictments that rocked the racing world last March.

Tygart revealed that USADA had handled a drug positive case with a cyclist who fell under the organization's jurisdiction and gotten information about the distributor of the drugs the cyclist was using. USADA became aware that the unnamed distributor also had connections to horse racing, and Tygart said the organization subsequently passed that information along to the FBI.

Tygart said USADA is still on a learning curve as it prepares to oversee anti-doping programs in horse racing, but he is confident a lot of the same principles will carry over from the world of human athletics. Like many equine drug testing experts, Tygart said post-competition testing should not be the only tool for an integrity program, and touted USADA's tip line, which it uses to help direct out-of-competition testing. Tests from tip information have a 22% positivity rate, according to Tygart — much higher than the typical rate for post-competition sampling.

Read more and listen to the full interview at the Thoroughbred Daily News

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Gilligan: Some Trainers Cheat, Some Are Horse Whisperers

There's an old saying that if you're not cheating, you're not trying.

It is a statistical certainty that some racehorse trainers are dishonest cheats, because in any given population there are a certain number of people who will cheat to win and since cheating can confer an edge, you are more likely to find cheats amongst the more successful members of a group — until, if or when they get caught. Lance Armstrong is a very famous example.

Studies have been done on the human tendency to cheat. One study found MBA students cheat more than any other groups of students. Another study asked subjects to roll a die and if they reported rolling a one through five, they'd get that number of dollars. If they rolled a six they would get nothing.

Apparently the number six was not rolled as much as it should have been and number five was rolled an awful lot. In fact, 60% of the rolls were misreported. When the same study was done on a computer so the results could be monitored and compared to what the subjects reported, 15% of people didn't even bother pressing the random number producer to get a number. They just reported that they rolled a five. They were the most dishonest souls of all.

If people will cheat for $5 what would they be tempted to do to win millions? If Lance Armstrong would inject himself with substances to gain an edge, what might someone be prepared to give an animal?

Natalie Voss recently wrote a great piece in The Paulick Report about why the media doesn't call out the suspected cheats in the sport, explaining clearly that without proof journalists' hands are tied.

So, in the absence of evidence, how might the cheater be identified?

I don't know how many race horse trainers have an MBA, but the ones that do must be assumed guilty until proven otherwise.

Studies suggest dishonest people are less happy than honest people (that guilty conscience). So any trainers who seem to possess a rather weepy and dejected countenance should set alarm bells ringing.

'There is a saying in golf that people who cheat in life don't always cheat at golf, but people who cheat at golf invariably cheat in life. Perhaps before getting licensed all trainers should have to play a round of golf with a state steward and later in the clubhouse roll some dice.

The Voss article provoked a lot of commentary, and perhaps the question that rang truest was that as far as horsemen goes, how do some horsemen seem to glean great improvement from so many of their horses if they're not cheating? Is it possible to improve a horse by many lengths?

As a horseman I can tell you categorically that great improvement can be made in a horse's performance without a needle, and I would like to give a couple of examples of my own.

Kind Emperor came into my life as a 4-year-old maiden who'd raced 29 times. He was a good galloper, a fairly strong type and flightier than a bird.

I let him do one good gallop a day (horses often do two gallops a morning in Europe) and very seldom breezed him. I decided to move him up in distance from the sprints he had raced exclusively in to a mile and told the jockey not to fight the horse, to let him run and use his stride.  He won second time out and went on to seven career victories winning at distances up to a mile and a half and gaining himself a little fan club at Yarmouth – the only track he decided he would win at – for his exuberant freewheeling front running style, often going ten lengths clear of the field by halfway through a race.

Rushcutter Bay was a horse I bought as a yearling for 450 guineas. He had less pedigree than me and was small, but he was perfectly formed.

He was always a good horse winning his maiden second time out as a 2-year-old at Royal Windsor. He became a high-class handicapper running in the Wokingham Handicap at Royal Ascot a couple of times.

We were having some non-specific problems with his back end one year that neither myself our vets or physiotherapist could diagnose, so I contacted Mary Bromiley, the most renowned equine physiotherapist in the UK. She was in her late sixties by then, but still practicing although fussy about who she treated due to being in such demand. She agreed to take him. I sent him to her and she kept him about ten days. On the third day she called and said she had no idea what was wrong with his back but asked if he tended to duck right a bit coming out of the gate and was he sometimes a bit slow away. I said yes, he had been doing both. She said there was a minor ligament in his right hock that was bothering him slightly.

She told me that in his next race he may do the same from the gate out of habit, but after that he would jump straight and fast. She was right.

I eventually found a world renowned equine neurologist and told him about Rushcutter's problem. He diagnosed a problem with a nerve in the saddle area being affected by having a rider upon him.

After rest he resumed training and we took to warming him up in a lunge ring with no rider, then myself or another would be legged up as close to the gallop as possible and would stand in the irons while he danced the dozen or so yards onto it.  At the end of the gallop someone else would be  waiting with a lead rein, we would whip off the saddle and hand walk him the half mile home home, letting him pick grass along the way.

Three runs later he won the Rous Stakes at Newmarket bet from 50-1 down to 20-1. The handicapper raised him 20 pounds for his efforts. First time out the following year he won the Palace House Stakes again at Newmarket. The handicapper raised him another nine pounds for that win which made him, if I remember rightly, the highest rated sprinter in the country, indeed in Europe at the time.

I didn't eke out huge improvement from all horses that were sent to me, or even most of them. Most of the small string of horses I trained were cheap and modest when they arrived and cheap and modest when they left.

I know, as a racehorse trainer, that if I did manage to improve one, exactly how it was improved, and the reasons behind it. So, the media should not and cannot call out a trainer after a race because a horse in his care has improved greatly. But perhaps they could and should ask the trainer exactly how the horse has achieved such improvement. And the trainer should be falling over themselves to explain how clever they are, the way I just did.

Elon Musk says he asks engineers who interview for his companies a question he relies heavily on. “Tell me about a problem you have solved, and how you did it.”  Musk says the more detailed and technical their answer, the more it confirmed the honesty of their answer and their expertise.

Patrick Gilligan has been active in the racing industry for 38 years. He briefly rode races, galloped horses for 30 years, trained in Europe and has worked as an assistant in the United States. He is the author of 'Around Kentucky With The Bug,' which chronicles his son Jack's experiences as a jockey and was nominated for the 2018 Tony Ryan Book Award.

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Navarro Among Handful Of Federal Defendants Filing Motions To Dismiss Drug Charges

Jorge Navarro, Dr. Seth Fishman, Jordan Fishman, Lisa Gianelli, Dr. Erica Garcia, Rick Dane Jr., Christopher Oakes, and Michael Tannuzzo have all entered documents in U.S. District Court asking a judge to dismiss charges against them related to drug adulteration and misbranding conspiracy.

Defendants Seth Fishman and Gianelli filed a motion to dismiss various counts of the superseding indictment last week, which was followed by letters of intent from attorneys for Navarro, Garcia, Jordan Fishman and Dane stating their intent to join in. The motion from Fishman and Giannelli's attorneys site a few different bases for the motion, particularly that the counts as written don't allege illegal actions under the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, which is the basis for the criminal charges.

According to texts and phone calls intercepted by the FBI, Navarro requested misbranded or adulterated drugs from Fishman for administration to horses in his care, including X Y Jet, who died suddenly of an apparent heart attack in January 2020.

Their motion also casts doubt on who was supposedly deceived by their alleged activities involving misbranded drugs. The indictment stated that the drugs were designed to evade detection by state racing officials or tracks, but the defendants claim that misleading state officials and racetracks isn't a federal crime under the Act.

Oakes' motion includes similar language, while Tannuzzo's states that the first count of the superseding indictment “fail[s] to state an offense as applied to him.”

The government has not yet responded to those motions and letters of intent, filed Feb. 5.

The federal case includes five total counts — four charges of drug adulteration and misbranding conspiracy and one count of mail and wire fraud — with different groups of defendants attached to each, dependent upon their alleged actions and relationship with each other. Charges were originally filed in March 2020 accusing more than two dozen people in the Thoroughbred and Standardbred industries of doping racehorses with adulterated or misbranded drugs or supplying such materials to horsemen. A superseding indictment was filed in November 2020 and left off a number of the original defendants from the March indictment, including Gregory Skelton, Ross Cohen, Nick Surick, Chris Marino and Henry Argueta, though it's unclear whether that means those defendants have taken deals with prosecutors. Their case files remain open with no plea change as of this writing.

According to a status conference last summer, discovery in this case is not expected to be completed before late fall, as attorneys for the Southern District of New York have provided voluminous evidence collected by a lengthy FBI investigation to defense counsel. That status conference set dates by which various motions and subsequent responses would be due by both sides in the case, and those deadlines stretch on through the spring.

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