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HISA’s Lasix Advisory Committee Set

Edited Press Release

The Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority (HISA) announced the members of an Advisory Committee which has been convened to oversee a three-year study on the use of furosemide (also known as “Lasix”) on horses during the 48-hour period before the start of a Covered Horserace, including the effect on equine health and the integrity of competition.

The establishment of this Advisory Committee for the study of furosemide administration and the requirements of the study are specifically mandated and set forth in the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act. The HISA Board of Directors delegated its authority to select the Advisory Committee members to HISA's Anti-Doping and Medication Control (ADMC) Committee who did so based on the members' relevant expertise. The Advisory Committee will oversee the process of issuing a Request for Proposal to conduct the research, reviewing grant applications from academic researchers and allocating grant funding for the study.

When the independent scientific research has been completed and published, it will be presented to the Advisory Committee who will then relay the findings and their recommendations to the HISA Board of Directors.

The Furosemide Advisory Committee is comprised of the following members:

Emma Adam, DVM, Ph.D., is a veterinarian with over 24 years of racing experience in the United States, United Kingdom, France and Australia. She is board-certified in equine medicine from Texas A&M University and in surgery from the New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Adam also received her Ph.D. in musculoskeletal science from the University of Kentucky's Gluck Equine Research Center.
Alan Foreman is Chairman of the Thoroughbred Horsemen's Association (THA) and Vice-Chairman of the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium (RMTC). Foreman is considered one of the leading racing law and equine attorneys in the United States and is an expert on medications used in horse racing.
Scott Hay, DVM, is a veterinarian at Teigland, Franklin and Brokken, where he focuses on lameness, performance evaluations and purchase examinations. He also serves on the RMTC's Scientific Advisory Committee. Dr. Hay previously served as President of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) and as a member of the Grayson-Jockey Club's Scientific Advisory Committee.
Ted Hill, VMD, is a racing steward for The Jockey Club with more than 23 years of experience. He previously served as Chief Veterinarian for the New York Racing Association (NYRA). Dr. Hill received his VMD from the University of Pennsylvania.
Rob Holland, DVM, Ph.D., is a respiratory and infectious disease specialist in Lexington, Kentucky and partner at Holland Management Services, Inc., a consulting practice offering solutions in outcomes research and veterinary medicine. Dr. Holland has worked with the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission (KHRC) and is an expert in equine drug testing processes.
Heather Knych, DVM, Ph.D., DACVCP, is a Professor of Clinical Veterinary Pharmacology and Head of the Pharmacology Section at the K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Pharmacology Laboratory at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Kynch is board-certified in Clinical Veterinary Pharmacology and has an extensive publication record in the areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. She received her DVM and Ph.D. in Pharmacology and Toxicology from the University of California, Davis, where she also conducted her residency in Veterinary Pharmacology.
Ryan Murphy is the Executive Director for the Partnership for Clean Competition (PCC), the leading anti-doping research organization dedicated to the protection of clean athletes. Prior to joining the PCC, Murphy served as Program Officer with the Sports Diplomacy division at the U.S. Department of State and prior to that as Senior Manager for Sport & Competition for Special Olympics International. Murphy has also worked as an International Doping Control Officer for International Doping Tests & Management. In addition to his work at the PCC, Murphy serves as an Adjunct Professor for the Sports Industry Management Master's program at Georgetown University.
Foster Northrop, DVM, is a practicing racetrack veterinarian with more than 35 years of industry experience. He has served on the boards of the KHRC and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), as well as the RMTC's Scientific Advisory Committee.
Scott Palmer, VMD, is a former President of the AAEP and the American Board of Veterinary Practitioners (ABVP). He also chaired the New York Task Force for Racehorse Health and Safety from 2011 to 2013 and served as a clinician and referral surgeon at the New Jersey Equine Clinic for 38 years. He is currently a member of the RMTC's Scientific Advisory Committee, the Horseracing Testing Laboratory Committee, the Association of Racing Commissioners International's (ARCI) Drug Testing and Standards Committee and the ARCI's Equine Welfare and Veterinarians Committee.
N. Edward Robinson, BVetMed, Ph.D., is a nationally recognized veterinarian, academic and researcher who spent nearly 50 years at Michigan State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, during which he spent more than 20 years as the Matilda R. Wilson Professor of Large Animal Clinical Sciences. Dr. Robinson has spent his career researching lung disease in horses. He received his veterinary degree from the Royal Veterinary College in London and a Ph.D. from University of California, Davis.
Corinne Sweeney, DVM (HIWU Appointment), is an American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) specialist and has spent the past 44 years at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. She has served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Horse Racing Commission since 2008 and previously served as Chair of the ARCI in 2019. She is a certified Organizational Ombuds Practitioner and has served as the Penn Vet Ombuds since 2015.

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Advancements in Equine Reproduction Examined at KTFMC Meeting

LEXINGTON, KY–As the calendar turns over to June and the 2023 breeding season nears its close, the Kentucky Thoroughbred Farm Manager's Club (KTFMC) focused its monthly meeting on advancements in the equine reproductive field and how the latest research, as well as new treatments and diagnostic tests, might have practical application for farm managers at this point in the breeding season and on into next year. Held Tuesday evening at Copper Roux in Lexington, the event featured presentations from three equine veterinarians.

Dr. Emma Adam, who specializes in equine veterinary outreach for the University of Kentucky's Gluck Equine Research Center, provided an update on this year's breeding season. She discussed several issues that have been problematic for breeders this year and pointed out how farm managers can be involved in advancing research efforts addressing those concerns.

While Rotavirus was not nearly as prominent this year as it was during the outbreak in Central Kentucky in 2021, Adam said that some farms were hurt by the diarrheal disease in 2023. She explained that there is work being done this summer to test a new vaccine that would protect against the most recent strains of the virus and said that they are seeking the help of local farms as researchers are collecting blood samples from foals that developed Rotavirus this year.

“That is going to help us identify antibodies that naturally responded to the infection and [help us] move forward with the idea of producing synthetic antibodies that could potentially help us in the face of not having that vaccine to hand quite yet,” she said.

Current research efforts are also going toward addressing Nocardioform placentitis and Leptospirosis. Adam said that research is being conducted on mares that developed Nocardioform placentitis and initial results suggest that an early-warning diagnostic test may be available in the future. Meanwhile, a new serovar has been identified in North America for Leptospirosis and a number of asymptomatic horses are testing positive for the bacterial disease across Central Kentucky.

For managers that dealt with Nocardioform placentitis this year, or if they know of or suspect the presence of Leptospirosis on their farm, Adam urged horsemen to contact the Gluck Center's research team.

“This summer, if you have mares that don't have a good reason for being empty, please give us a call,” Adam said. “We would love to test them free of charge to try and see if these mares are potentially carriers of Lepto. We're only as good as the data that we get. When we get those samples into our diagnostic lab, that is the material we can use to help you not just from a practical basis of diagnosing and getting the material for us to do research on, but when we have those numbers, we can go to the grant funding agencies and say we need some money because this is 'this big' of a problem.”

Adam also shared that recent research on fescue is focused on its presence in pastures throughout the winter months. Fescue toxicity in mares is a common concern in the spring, but Adam noted that ergovaline–the alkaloid produced by fescue that causes the symptoms of fescue toxicity in mares–can be present in pastures year-round.

“In the winter, we normally think that our fescue isn't growing and that we don't have ergovaline to worry about in our pregnant mares,” she said. “That absolutely is completely and totally not the case. We had lots of farms this winter where the only thing growing was fescue and that fescue is hotter than Hades, so it has plenty of ergovaline.”

During the evening's second presentation, Dr. Maria Schnobrick of Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital discussed a new service that Rood & Riddle is offering to promote the regression of endometrial cups.

Endometrial cups, which form on the uterine wall at around 35 days of gestation to promote pregnancy, secrete eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin) and prevent the mare from normal ovulation. These cups persist until 100 to 150 days of gestation regardless of the viability of the embryo.

Schnobrick and her colleagues have made progress in developing a treatment for regressing these endometrial cups when a mare loses a pregnancy so that she can return to a normal cycle in a shorter amount of time. Schnobrick said that current treatments, like laser treatment, have inconsistent results and only about a 50% success rate. However, she has found promising results from using Settle, an immune stimulant that is used to treat endometritis.

In an experiment conducted in collaboration with Dr. Carleigh Fedorka and Dr. Mats Troedsson, 16 mares were aborted at 40 to 45 days of gestation. One week later, they received their first injection of Settle. After another week, they received a second injection. The experiment produced statistically significant results when, an average of 23 days after their first treatment, 80% of mares were cycling normally compared to 33% of mares in the control group.

Schnobrick said that this year, she had three mares that experienced pregnancy loss at 60 days and were able to get back in foal after receiving this treatment at Rood & Riddle. She noted that she has also seen positive results when treating mares that have retained endometrial cups from the previous breeding season and are not cycling regularly.

Hagyard Equine Medical Institute's Dr. Kristina Lu presented on advancements in diagnosing endometritis using N-acetylcysteine and she also discussed the benefits of pregnancy monitoring at this stage in the breeding season.

According to Lu, the current methods for diagnosing endometritis through a swab culture or a lavage of the uterus produce inefficient results. She noted that about half the time, a mare can have endometritis but test negative in a swab culture.

Lu's research efforts have gone toward using N-acetylcysteine to help break up mucus and free bacteria from the endometrium in order to better test for the presence of infection. In one experiment, 59 mares were diagnosed for endometritis. Using a lavage diagnostic test, 81% tested negative. But when the same mares were tested after receiving acetylcysteine, only 27% tested negative.

Lu also discussed the importance of pregnancy monitoring and the benefits of compiling a list of “problematic mares” ahead of next year's breeding season.

She explained that placental abnormalities from this year's foaling could be one of the strongest indicators for potential issues ahead of next year's foaling season. A mare could have a normal foaling, but a slight issue with her placenta–like evidence of subtle ascending placentitis or if the cervical star did not rupture regularly–could prove to cause problems down the road.

“This mare is raising her hand saying, 'The next pregnancy, I might not be normal,'” Lu explained. “So this mare might go on your list. She's definitely one that is worth watching in the future.”

Also during Tuesday's KTFMC meeting, information was presented on the Gerry Dilger Equine Scholarship Foundation's Irish National Stud Scholarship. Learn more here. Also, Godolphin USA's Charities Manager Katie LaMonica discussed this year's Thoroughbred Industry Employee Awards. Nominations for those awards are open now through July 16 and can be accessed here.

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KTFMC April Meeting Hosts Discussion with Leading Trainers

Attendees of the Kentucky Thoroughbred Farm Managers' Club (KTFMC)'s monthly meeting, held Tuesday evening at Limestone Hall, were treated to “A Discussion with North America's Leading Trainers,” featuring a panel that included Brad Cox, Bill Mott, Todd Pletcher and Brendan Walsh.

FanDuel/TVG host and reporter Scott Hazelton moderated the discussion, as the trainers, who all have GI Kentucky Derby and/or GI Kentucky Oaks contenders in their stables, shared stories about their beginnings and how it all led to where they are today.

“I was born in South Dakota and when I was a little kid, I either wanted to be a cowboy or I thought I'd probably work on a ranch. When I was 14, I wound up getting a job with the Asmussens at their place in South Dakota and it just went from there,” said Mott. “I worked with horses throughout the summers and bought my first horse when I was 15 years old and got lucky, winning the South Dakota Futurity with him. It was $3,800 to the winner and I thought I was the richest guy in South Dakota.”

After spending six years working for trainers Bob Irwin and later Jack Van Berg, Mott opened his public stable in 1978.

“I've had some good clients that have raced in some great places and I've had a lot of help along the way,” said Mott. “It's wonderful to be able to work with really good horses and as you're able to graduate into something that allows you to do that, you meet a lot of great people along the way. It's all the way from the grooms and hotwalkers to some of the most interesting people you meet as owners.”

When asked about how all of his experiences have culminated to where he is now, Mott glanced at the trainers sitting beside him and replied, “I learned a lot from everybody I worked for but I still keep watching. I try to learn from these guys that are sitting beside me. I watch what they do and I try to make myself better. With these guys nipping at my heels every day, I've got to work harder than I've ever worked in my life, but they make me better. The better the competition is, the better you are.”

Pletcher recalled a childhood spent going to the track with his father, longtime trainer Jake Pletcher, and shared the story of his first racehorse, a $700 yearling colt by Bold Cape, who was a spur-of-the-moment acquisition after a fellow trainer offered the horse to his father and an 8-year-old Pletcher offered to take him instead.

“[My dad] said 'Go look at the horse. If the horse is correct, you can have him.' I went back and I looked at him, I mean this horse could barely see over the webbing, but he was correct, so I called him and said, 'He's correct, but he's pretty small.' And he said, 'Alright, go ahead and take him,'” said Pletcher.

After training him with his father for two years, the colt named Rambunctiously won on debut at Oaklawn as a 3-year-old in 1981.

“I ran him back two weeks later and he won, but he got claimed, which I thought was the worst thing that could happen. But as it turned out, financially, it was a good thing,” said Pletcher.

As he grew up, he spent time hot walking and grooming for California trainer Henry Moreno, and later spent a summer working with Charlie Whittingham and eventually found his place with D. Wayne Lukas.

“One thing they had in common was that they were great caretakers. They always paid extra attention to the details of how their horses were taken care of,” said Pletcher.

After working six years as an assistant to Lukas, Pletcher decided to go out on his own in the fall of 1995.

“The guy that encouraged me to do it was Mike Ryan. He had a few clients and he said he could send me some horses if I ever decided to. I started off at Hialeah Park with seven horses and was pretty fortunate. We were able to win a few races and expand from there.”

For Walsh, born in County Cork, Ireland, horses were a passion from the very beginning. After jockey school, college, working on various stud farms and spending a few summers working for different trainers, he ended up working at Sheikh Mohammed's Kildangan Stud. That's where his story began with Godolphin, as he traveled with them to Dubai before coming to the states.

“At one point, actually, I was supposed to come work for Bill. I don't know if Bill ever realized that or not, but it never materialized over a visa or something like that, but that's going back a long time,” said Walsh. “But I loved it over here and I thought it was a place where I'd probably have more opportunity than I would have in Europe.”

When asked if there was one horse in particular that stood out early on in his career, Walsh shared the story of Cary Street (Smarty Jones), who was a 4-year-old when Walsh claimed him for $10,000 out of a race in mid-February of 2013. Though it initially appeared that Cary Street hadn't been worth the investment, he eventually improved under Walsh's training and went on to win the GII Las Vegas Marathon S. at Santa Anita Park and the GIII Greenwood Cup S. at Parx in 2014.

“That was our $10,000 horse. I don't think any horse will ever do what he did for me at the time. He just kind of got us going and that was the best $10,000 I ever spent,” said Walsh.

He also reflected on the climb he's made in career, from working at Kildangan and now training stateside for Godolphin.

“I think it was really pivotal because you got to be around good horses. That's always helped me along the way. From when I was working at Kildangan, you were around these super well-bred yearlings, and when we went to Dubai, it was like a 'who's who' of European breeding,” said Walsh. “I always wanted to be around nice horses and it kind of set the bar to try and progress and be better all the time.”

For Cox, who grew up in South Louisville just blocks away from Churchill Downs, horse racing has been a constant for the entirety of his life.

“I liked two or three things: horse racing, Kentucky basketball and baseball. I wasn't very good at baseball. I thought I was going to be a guard for the University of Kentucky, but based on conformation and talent, that was very short-lived,” said Cox. “I fell in love with horse racing at a very early age. My dad would take me to the track and I'd bring that program home and I'd read everything. It's what I wanted to do and I just worked my way up, starting at the bottom.”

Making his way up through the ranks, from rubbing horses to becoming a foreman and later working as an assistant trainer to Dallas Stewart, Cox went out on his own in 2004.

“It was a long, grilling road but it was well worth it. I'm very proud of what our team has accomplished,” said Cox. “You have to get up and do it every day, you have to continue to work. It's demanding, it's a lot of hours, but it's very rewarding.”

KTFMC President Gerry Duffy with Boyd Browning | Sara Gordon

Hazelton asked the trainers how the sport has evolved in their eyes and if there were any changes they'd like to see in the industry going forward, which led to a discussion about uniformity and the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act (HISA).

“I think we're going down the right track with a lot of things, in terms of uniform medication rules and anti-doping, so I think those are all positive things. To have everybody on pretty much the same playing field would be great,” said Cox.

“I think the biggest changes we're seeing now are with HISA, the federal intervention. I think the biggest thing I thought it would bring to the table would be uniformity. I was all for uniform medication rules, uniform penalties, so you could go state to state. You don't want to stub your toe and make an honest mistake just because you're not aware of the rules,” said Mott. “I think right now with HISA, it's caused more confusion than uniformity, but hopefully, once things get ironed out maybe we will come to that point where we do have uniform rules from New York to California.”

“One of my biggest issues right now is just the uncertainty [of] where we stand. We're 18 days out from the Kentucky Derby and we don't know if the HISA rules are going to be in effect May 1 or if it's going to be the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission,” said Pletcher. “We saw the implementation of HISA for three or four racing days, then back to each state's rules. I think everybody wants to play by the rules, but even leading up to when HISA went into effect, what seemed to be proper withdrawal times for very standard medications like bute literally changed from 48 hours, from 72 hours to 96 hours.

“Initially it was supposed to have been put together to make everything unified, but now it seems like there's some stuff that is not very agreeable at all. They've gotten rid of a lot of therapeutic stuff, restricted us on a lot of things that are really just for the benefit of the horses. They've kind of restricted us from being horsemen. We're all trying to be horsemen here and do what's beneficial for the horses and it seems like they're wanting to get in our way of that.”

The trainers switched gears, wrapping up the panel with a discussion of their prospects set for the first weekend in May at Churchill Downs, along with new 2-year-olds that have been shipping in to begin their seasons.

“We're looking forward to the Oaks with Pretty Mischievous [Into Mischief], but we've got to try to beat these guys as well,” said Walsh. “We've got a nice team of turf fillies this year, some yet to start this year, but it seems like we have a good team put together.”

Cox spoke about his three colts that are Derby bound, including Hit Show (Candy Ride {Arg}), Verifying (Justify) and Angel of Empire (Classic Empire), along with potential starter Jace's Road (Quality Road), who currently sits in the 21st spot and could make it into the starting gate if any of the top 20 scratch.

“We obviously have a few more works before race day but I'm very happy with all three. We've got a group of fillies as well, The Alys Look [Connect] and Botanical [Medaglia d'Oro]. It's going to be a big week and hopefully a big weekend,” said Cox.

Mott, who trains Derby contender Rocket Can (Into Mischief) admitted he didn't have any surprises yet to be unveiled in his barn, but looking at the stable overall, he was proud of what this group has accomplished so far this year.

“Most of them have run and the good ones have shown up and we've done really well with them. We're hopefully getting a few of those back to the races, including a couple in Derby week,” said Mott. “We're like everybody else, we're already looking at the 2-year-olds. The future is always the excitement in this business.”

Pletcher delved into the remarkable evolution of champion Forte (Violence), who leads his group of Derby contenders.

“It was interesting that he was one of the first 2-year-olds we got in last year, he came in March 25, and he's just a really intelligent colt. He caught onto everything really well, really quickly and he's done everything right,” said Pletcher. “It's great to come here with a group that likes to win. We all know how hard this race is to win.”

The evening was also highlighted by an awards presentation, where Dr. Emma Adam, Shannon Arvin and Boyd Browning were awarded as honorary members, and James Brady became just the fifth person to be honored as a KTFMC Life Member.

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Sesamoid Bones: They Take A Lot Of Pressure And Raise A Lot Of Questions For Researchers

As racing continues its quest to reduce injury rates, one key area of interest for many experts is the proximal sesamoid bones.

Most racing fans who have heard of sesamoid bones know about the two small, triangular bones held inside the suspensory ligament that form the back of the equine ankle, but horses (and humans) actually have other sets of sesamoids in the body. The two that form each ankle are called the proximal sesamoid bones. The human kneecap or patella is present in the horse as a component of the stifle and is also considered a type of sesamoid bone. The navicular bone in the internal structures of the hoof is also a type of sesamoid. Sesamoids exist because they reduce friction on joints by gliding over the joint's surface, helping to pull the limb back and forth.

The proximal sesamoid bones are part of the ankle or fetlock, which drops down toward the racing surface to absorb the horse's weight during a footfall. The joint flexes farther down the harder the foot falls. The elastic tendons and ligaments (particularly the suspensory ligament) are crucial during this shock absorption procedure, and the proximal sesamoids are hard at work in this moment too – which may mean it's not surprising that they're a common source of injury.

Existing research suggests that sesamoid fractures or suspensory apparatus failures are associated with 30 to 50 percent of fatal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. At a recent virtual session of the University of Kentucky's annual Equine Showcase, researchers said that makes them a crucial area of study – but we have to start from the beginning.

Scientists would like to know how the structure of the proximal sesamoids changes in response to intense exercise like racing. We know bones change their shape and structure in proportion to the amount and types of forces placed on them through exercise in a process called bone remodeling. (You can learn more about bone development and remodeling here.) It would be helpful to know if somewhere in that process, sesamoid bones undergo abnormal changes that could signal or predispose an upcoming fracture.

According to Dr. James MacLeod, researcher and faculty member at the Gluck Equine Research Center, scientists first need the answers to more basic questions about proximal sesamoids. In order for researchers to know what is considered an abnormal structural change, they have to know what's normal for these particular bones – what size, shape, and internal structure is typical? How do they develop? When do they develop? How much variation is there in size, shape and structure between individuals, between breeds and between sports?

Unfortunately, MacLeod said, existing science is somewhat light on the answers to these questions.

“It turns out that in the horse, very little information was published about proximal sesamoid bone development and maturation in a normal sense,” he said.

When trying to answer the basic question of when these bones develop, MacLeod and his colleagues dug up two publications in textbooks suggesting that these particular bones don't begin to form in a developing equine fetus until very late in gestation, between Day 290 and 330 in what's typically a 340-day gestation. The end of ossification (hardening) for the bones was, according to these textbooks, complete at around month three or four of the foal's life.

“We had evidence right away that there was much more to know about the development of proximal sesamoid bones,” he said.

Soon after the research team began their inquiries, Dr. Emma Adam, assistant professor at Gluck, used advanced imaging to discover that the very beginnings of cartilage (which would eventually transition to bone) were beginning to form in what would become the fetlock at Day 46 of gestation. At that point the fetus was only three centimeters long, with a tiny forming limb only three millimeters long.

Currently, MacLeod and his colleagues are in the process of learning more about the variability of the bones in adults, assembling lots of samples from horses who have died for reasons independent of development or injury to the sesamoid bones. Researchers want to study them grossly (recording observations detectable without a microscope) as well as at a microscopic level. They're looking at elements like bone volume, which refers to the amount of a bone that is minerals. Researchers already know that sesamoid bone volume increases with age as an animal matures and the bone itself grows. Next, MacLeod said, we need to learn how bone volume may change when the horse grows old enough to begin exercise.

Another element that could be important in microscopic bone changes is the trabeculae, which are the bands or thin rods of tissue that together make up the hard structural elements of the bone. MacLeod hopes researchers will learn more about the orientation of these little beam-like supports – are they isotropic, meaning their orientation creates a look of sameness throughout a sample, or are they anisotropic, meaning many of them lie in a single, similar orientation? This matters because it impacts how easy a substance is to break. If you think about chopping an anisotropic piece of wood, he points out, it's easy to do with the grain because all the strands of the block's interior structure are pointing more or less the same direction. If you chop against that grain, it suddenly becomes tougher. With an isotropic substance like metal, its components are oriented in all different directions at a cellular level, making it equally difficult to cut or split no matter how you approach it — there's no area or angle of weakness on a microscopic level.

The initial step to understanding these elements of the bone's structure is to get as many samples as possible from a wide cross section of ages and breeds. Those breed differences could be really important, too — it won't help racehorses if the team develop their sense of normal sesamoid bones from Shetland ponies.

“You'd certainly expect [to see differences],” he said. “The skeletal system in general matures differently between different breeds. Small horses and ponies actually mature faster than larger horses.”

There could also be important differences in what's “normal” between male and female animals, as well as large, heavy-bodied and fine-boned horses within the same breed.

For now, MacLeod said his team has more questions than answers, but he is hopeful that soon – maybe even by next year's annual equine research showcase – he can provide some.

“I think as we ask the questions, as we generate quality data sets, as we advance imaging technologies, I think we will be able to answer those questions,” he said.

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