One Life in a Box: Richard Hazelton

For nearly three years, a frayed cardboard box has hidden in the corner of a small apartment in the Westside of Los Angeles, buried from view by wooly blankets, a tennis racket with broken strings, worn clothes long earmarked for the thrift store and an old jacket with a broken zipper and patched leather sleeves.

The box is filled mostly with creaky photo albums stuffed full of old newspaper clippings pasted onto faded paper, laminated win pictures–the plastic as brittle as sheet-ice–and handwritten letters. There are magazines and an old DVD and family photographs taken when Kodak shops weren't just a punchline for Millennials.

The box has remained undisturbed for years–since its subject, trainer Richard Pierce Hazelton, passed away–only to be unearthed during a spring clean, quite by chance, near the anniversary of his passing in 2019 when he was 88.

“King Richard” lies 10th on America's all-time winning-most trainer list, 4,745 victories officially to his name. Between Hawthorne, Arlington and Sportsman's Park alone, he held 36 individual training titles. For those counting, add another 15 from Turf Paradise.

But like many such boxes–dusty treasure troves stuffed into corner or closet and brought out only occasionally–its narrow scope, a few scattered years among decades, holds something of a frustrating paradox.

While offering up much so more than just its contents, the box still feels an unsatisfying relic, the memories hidden within telling only fragments, leaving one to wonder at what else has already slipped entirely away.

“If Hazelton trains 'em… he's a runner…”

On May 21, 1971, Ellyn Shaunahoff sat down to what one imagines was a desk overlooking a pretty primrose garden and put pen to paper–in florid cursive baby-blue ballpoint–to ask Hazelton for any information on Maxwell G., then a prolific winner in less than prolific contests.

Maxwell G. had been Shaunahoff's favorite horse since attending her first race meet at Hollywood Park on April 19, 1969.

“I have followed him ever since and have cheered his stretch runs many a time,” she writes. “I've been to Del Mar, Santa Anita and even Turf Paradise to see him race.”

At that point in time, Ellyn assumed the then-10-year-old had retired, saying he had “about reached the age limit for racing.” As it turned out, Shaunahoff was a little premature in relegating the old veteran to pipe and slipper.

“There must be a fountain of youth hidden somewhere in Chicago,” wrote the Illinois scribe, Neil Milbert, about the 11-year-old, who had just scored his third victory in a row at Arlington Park just one year later. Even then, AARP was forced to hold fire on sending their magazine to the horse fans called “Maxie.”

Indeed, it wasn't until five years later, in 1977, that Maxwell G. ran his last race when the “grizzled gelding,” as one writer put it, was but a supple 16-year-old.

Maxwell G. in a clipping found in Hazelton's box of memories | Courtesy of Dan Ross

“Grizzled” really doesn't do the horse justice. A picture from 1972 shows Maxie–tall, raw-boned, yet handsome in elder statesman fashion–standing serenely beside his groom, large ears pinned forward as though gathering radio signals.

By the time of his swan song, Maxwell G. had won 47 out of a staggering 233 career starts, not all for Hazelton, who had claimed him for $1,000 at Yakima Meadows, in Washington, in May of 1965 (another story has it that Hazelton claimed him for $6,200 in 1968 at the Los Angeles County Fair).

It was Hazelton's touch, however, that gave this lowly claimer the veneer of a celluloid star.

The Chicago Sun-Times claimed that Maxwell G., at the height of his fame, brought thousands of fans to the track, lured by his Houdini-like theatrics, when he would race far off the pace before making “a bold bid to win,” as one writer prosaically put it.

Another scribe describes this last gasp maneuver with a tad more relish: “Typically, he will start a race slowly, plodding along behind the field until about the quarter-mile from the finish. Then he will swing wide and make a mad dash for the wire.”

By the time Hazelton had turned 80, memories of his own life were hazy or as terse as Hemingway's prose.

“My dad was involved in horse racing,” he told the poor writer of a Hawthorne Racecourse program, one obviously hoping for Horatio Alger. “I went to live with him when I was seven or eight years old. He had horses. I started galloping them and then I started riding them when I was 14.”

Not exactly edge of the seat stuff.

Hazelton's stint as an apprentice rider can hardly be deemed a bust, not when, south of the border, fans referred to him as “El Ricardo.” But here's his own take on that brief spell, 65 years later.

“I first rode in Phoenix. That's where I was born and raised. I was the leading rider at Caliente in Mexico in 1945. I went to work for the Klein Cattle Company after my stint as a jockey.”

A baby-faced Hazelton (far left, seated) | Courtesy of Dan Ross

When it came to his horses, however, Hazelton's mind suddenly illuminated, as though a bolt of lightning had passed through it.

“I lost him three or four times but I always claimed him back,” Hazelton remembered, of Maxwell G. “He was a favorite of announcer Phil Georgeff. I remember they took him to the paddock in front of the grandstand and gave him two bushel baskets full of apples. They even named a race for him at Sportsman's and ran it for a few years.”

Hazelton added, proudly: “He was the only horse that was ever on the front page of the Wall Street Journal.”

The 1974 front page Wall Street Journal story in question wouldn't pass editorial muster by today's standards.

“If ever a racehorse was a candidate for the glue factory, it was Maxwell G.,” the story begins, in Dickensian fashion, explaining how poor Maxie, at the age of five, suffered a badly injured left foot, snagged in barbed wire while out punching cattle.

Hazelton would manage the problem appendage with a special shoe that eased the pressure on it. Maxwell G. would repay this favor through what's described in the Journal as “calm affection” and a willingness to “nuzzle strangers.”

As Hazelton put it, “He wouldn't give a nickel for an earthquake.”

Stable hands, the Journal notes, adored the horse.

“When another owner bought Maxwell G. in a claiming race two years ago, one stable hand came to Mr. Hazelton in tears, threatening to quit if he didn't buy back Maxwell G.,” writes the Journal. Hazelton did what was demanded of him.

“What's really amazing is that he's done it the hard way, a nickel and dime at a time,” Hazelton said of the horse's career–an assessment seemingly apropos of the trainer himself and so many of his trainees.

Take Full Pocket, a horse a Sportsman's Park program writer described as one of the “finest” Hazelton ever trained. He was certainly one of the nation's finest and fastest handicap sprinters during that era. In 1973, he won more than $200,000 and was second in the Eclipse Award balloting to champion Shecky Greene for Sprinter of the Year.

Special mention goes to Full Pocket's 3-year-old “reign of terror at Sportsman's.”

This included the “dandy young star's” imperious victory in the $38,400 National Jockey Club Handicap, before a Labor Day crowd of nearly 24,000, when he led home stablemate Moonsplash for “Cowboy Richard,” as one contemporary reporter coined the trainer.

Postage stamp Full Pocket was hardly a Colossus of Rhodes, “something breeders will hold against him,” one miser once noted. But that didn't stop breeders from trying anyway.

By the time the horse retired to stud at Hurstland Farm, in Kentucky–a good outcross to mares with Nearco blood, noted the 1974 Stallion Directory and Farm Register–Full Pocket had won 27 of his 47 lifetime starts and placed in 14 others. He also won 17 stakes and was placed in 11 more.

Again, Hazelton's 80-year-old mind came alive at the horse's memory. “He was one of the reasons I came to Chicago,” said the native of Arizona. “I brought him from the yearling sale for Mr. Bensinger, of the Brunswick Corporation. He named all of his horses. We paid $18,000. That was a lot of money back then. He was never a great sire, but he certainly was a runner.”

Dates and details, places and people–the box is something of a scramble of puzzle pieces sharing oftentimes conflicting information, giving the trainer a shape-shifting quality that somehow only sweetens the myth.

Part of the reason appears to be the man's aversion to the press. As one scribe put it, “I tried to interview him for years but Mr. Hazelton didn't like to talk about himself–or to me.”

One such seemingly slippery fact surrounds his age.

“Jockey records in 1945 list him as having been born in 1929,” wrote longtime Sportsman's Park fixture Don Grisham, of Hazelton's Icarus-like career in the saddle for his father, George. “As a supposed 16-year-old in '45, he finished among top apprentice riders in North America.”

Grisham's “supposed” does a lot of heavy lifting, for the minimum age for apprentices back then was 16.

“However, in those days, it was possible for an underage youngster to get by stewards and begin riding before turning 16. There is reason to believe Hazleton might have fallen into in this category. It is a matter of record he emerged a riding star at Arizona tracks and Caliente. One nine-race card at Caliente, he rode six winners, two seconds, and a third during a single afternoon.”

The melting sun to Hazleton's Icarus dream was biological. “Increasing weight soon terminated his saddle career,” Grisham noted, with blunt assessment.

The handwritten win photo date with Hazelton aside the horse is 1948 | Courtesy of Dan Ross

What happened then depends upon the bard.

One version is that Hazelton returned to his studies in Phoenix, where the natural athlete became a prep school football star. Another is that he became a mainstay of the Southwestern rodeo circuit. Either way, it wasn't long before the Stetson-loving Arizonan turned his hand to training. Some reports pin the date as late as 1957. A tattered win picture from 1948 lists Hazelton as the trainer.

“After struggling for a while to saddle his first winner, the day finally came in Silver City, New Mexico. But Richard would have to wait until he was 26-years-old for his first 'bread-'n-butter' horse, a $500 claimer named Foxation,” one profiler made of Hazelton's early years with a license.

The box yields precious little of Foxation but considerably more of Zip Pocket, whom Hazelton saddled in 1967 to a 5 1/2-furlong world record of :55 1/2. The following year, Zip Pocket set a world record of 1:07 1/5 for three-quarters of a mile.

“Was it because of the biochemicals sprayed on the track or is Zip Pocket really that fast?” asked writer Pete Peters, after the horse's winning appearance at Turf Paradise.

Peters, a brylcreemed pipe-smoking staff writer for the Gazette, had the full-faced appearance of someone with limited athletic inclination. This is in stark contrast to the typical Hazelton runner, jettisoned into racing folklore as though shot from a cannon.

“If Hazelton trains 'em… he's a runner…” one observer described it. An early example was the Rudy Krize-owned “speed-geared grey colt” Wandering Boy, who came out on top in a $3,500 winner-takes-all duel at Turf Paradise against the Quarter Horse, Arizonan.

The clippings bear no date, but given how weathered is the tissue-thin newspaper, the late 1960s seem a safe bet. The following decade the trainer stepped it up another gear, with much of his success hinged upon bringing an army of horses West to East before commandeering the Chicago claiming circuit to make room for fresh legs.

“Contrary to rumors, Richard Hazelton did not suggest this dinner. Hal has claimed 11 horses off Richard this year and won only one race with the sum total,” said trainer Bill Resseguet, at a dinner–which sounds more like a roast–organized by the Chicago chapter of the Horsemen's Benevolent and Protective Association in honor of trainer Hal Bishop.

“I realize Richard is most appreciative of unloading those 11 horses,” Resseguet deadpanned.

The observation, though couched in jest, provides a useful entry point into the subject's character.

On the one hand, Hazelton is made as inscrutable as an IRS inspector.

“Husky,” one scribe calls him. Another, “a man of few words.” “Taciturn.” A “dark-browed horseman who prefers boots and Stetson.” And a “modest wonder man from Arizona” with “his ever-present cowboy hat and slow Western drawl.”

Yet ambition doesn't run on empty fumes alone.

Richard Hazelton | Courtesy of Dan Ross

To the Chicago Sun-Times, Hazelton let slip the mask. “It's been a difficult job,” Hazelton said of plans to reach 5,000 wins, “but I have been averaging approximately 134 winners a year so maybe in the year 2001 I can brag of what I did in less than 40 years.”

The pipe-puffing Pete Peters managed to elicit from Hazelton another rare peek through the same slim aperture. “I finally landed him,” crowed Hazelton about the wealthy businessman, Harold Florsheim, who Hazelton lured to his owners' ranks for the 1966-67 Turf Paradise racing season.

“I've been after him for a long time but I couldn't convince him to come West with his horses,” Hazelton added. “He finally consented. He's got some good stock.”

Modeling the trainer's work ethic, Don Grisham at Sportsman's Park turned to a quote of Hemingway's: “You got to learn something: Never confuse movement for action.”

As Grisham put it, “There is always tote action on Hazelton-trained horses. As for the movement, Hazelton was in Kentucky Friday to inspect yearlings with Harold Florsheim, the shoe magnate. He jetted back in time to saddle two winners on Saturday's card, including Glory Run in the $22,425 Crete Handicap.”

In her husband, Marge Hazelton–a champion calf roper and an integral part of the story–saw an “uncanny ability to remember all the horses on the grounds and what they have done in each of their races. His memory helps him put our horses in races in which they have a good chance of winning.”

With her husband's ego evidently in mind, Marge added: “He can't remember anything else, of course.”

Then comes Dr. Richard Radke, the former orthodontist and a key patron of Hazelton's over decades.

Radke believed his trainer of having “one of the highest IQs of anyone I've ever met, but not many people are aware of that because he's so modest and quiet,” or so he told John McEvoy of the Daily Racing Form.

Hazelton's parsimonious approach to shared connection had some unintended side effects.

“There have been a few times that we didn't have the best communication,” Radke added, warmly. “Times like when I'd call up Richard and ask about one of my horses, and Richard would say, 'Oh, I sold him for you. I guess I didn't call you about that.'”

Given how often the search for a father's approval launches the hero's journey–or so says Joseph Campbell–perhaps the most telling insight is from Hazelton's own tongue, shared on the back of a Sportsman's Park program in a potted bio in which we also learn the trainer's favorite food (steak) and favorite movie (“Shawshank Redemption”).

“I'm very proud of my father, George. He was a real 'man's man',” Hazelton said. “He had that rare ability, I think we call it charisma, to draw people to him.”

Believed to be a Hazelton shedrow | Courtesy of Dan Ross

“Arlington builds a great deal right around you”

Where naval gazing has now become all but a national occupation, Hazelton offers a refreshing alternative, one very much of its time, when exterior interests held almost exclusively one's private inward-lit gaze.

The box is a sobering reminder of this at a time when it can feel as though the coattails of horse racing have snagged on some fast-moving bullet train, dragging it forward to goodness knows where, bumping and somersaulting, never able to quite get its footing. For it is not lost how Hazelton's favorite playgrounds are now an aberration of his memory–Arlington a tumbleweed ghost town and Turf Paradise a derelict disgrace.

So, why not turn to the architects of this collection of halcyon summers for advice on where indeed to tread now–people like Richard Duchossois, then Arlington's chairman when in May of 2011 he wrote to Hazelton the sort of letter one imagines rarely escapes today's sterile racetrack boardrooms.

“We are delighted you have returned to Arlington,” Duchossois wrote, when the trainer had all but stored away for good the stable's shingle. “You are one of the staples of Arlington and Arlington builds a great deal right around you.”

He wasn't wrong–a good deal right was built around Hazelton. And so, after all, maybe it's okay if the box contains only a sliver of the great arc that constitutes a life greatly lived, just as long as every now and then such memoirs are unearthed, rediscovered anew, spread out across the floor in the evening lamplight by the kneeling archeologist with a lump in their throat.

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Sports Wagering: Is California Next?

Like fast-falling dominoes, the 2018 Supreme Court decision flinging open the legal doors to sports betting has already led to 30 states allowing some form of this gambling, and now it's California's turn to potentially join the party, with two such initiatives on the state ballot this November.

The first is Proposition 26, an initiative called the Tribal Sports Wagering Act spearheaded by American Tribes which, in short, would allow sports wagering at Tribal casinos and at approved racetracks in California. Most crucially, it still prohibits mobile or on-line wagering on sports events.

The second, Proposition 27, is the California Solutions to Homelessness and Mental Health Act led by titans of the online betting market like FanDuel and Draftkings. In summary, this measure would legalize online or mobile sports betting outside of Native American lands, though still leave legal avenues for Tribes to participate in the market.

A side-by-side comparison of the two measures can be found at CalMatters.

Both are expected to generate mammoth revenues for the state. In the Tribal-led initiative, the sum is in the tens of millions. In the online initiative, that amount is expected to be in the mid-hundreds of millions.

But will they benefit California racing?

While the Tribal initiative holds obvious appeal for the sport, the other online measure has some key industry stakeholders divided.

According to Thoroughbred Owners of California (TOC) vice chairman, Bob Liewald–who explained he was speaking independently rather than for all TOC members–successful passage for either initiative would be of significant benefit to the industry, both financially and in terms of corralling new customers to the sport.

“It's hard to project but it's millions of dollars. Minimum $10 to $15 million in purse money each year,” said Liewald about the potential revenues that each initiative could generate for the sport annually.

These projections, Liewald said, are based on sports wagering revenues at other states like New Jersey, where Meadowlands has seen a 30% increase in per-card handle figures since the advent of sports wagering, along with a governmental program to subsidize the Thoroughbred and Standardbred industries.

In the online initiative, bettors must be in California but not on Tribal lands. The measure does, however, offer federally recognized Tribes and eligible businesses the opportunity to reach agreements with online sports wagering companies.

Sarah Andrew

This means that, should Prop. 27 succeed, then companies like FanDuel, Draftkings and BetMGM could contract with the racetracks directly, said Liewald.

“There are at least a dozen different companies out there that want to get a license and do this, and do it exclusively with one of the racetracks. So, all of the racetracks are going to benefit from this,” said Liewald.

Depending on negotiations, such agreements could include brick and mortar locations within or outside the track (but still on the racetrack property), potentially open throughout the year, with revenues shared between the operator and the track itself, he said.

“It's going to be very powerful” for the racing industry, Liewald added. “Horse racing is never going to get monies from the state or from the casinos. This is our last lifeline, and it's extremely important to us.”

But Scott Daruty, president of Monarch Content Management, the arm of The Stronach Group (TSG) tasked with distributing the company's signal, argues that the online measure wouldn't offer the industry any meaningful financial boost.

“What it's going to do is take all of the revenue generated by sports wagering by the state of California and it's going to send it to out-of-state casino interests,” said Daruty, of Prop. 27.

Indeed, the initiative is written so that, in order to operate sports wagering in the state, the entity must either be licensed to operate betting in at least 10 different states, or licensed in at least five states just so long as the company also operates at least 12 casinos nationally.

“There's nothing in Prop. 27 that would help generate any money for the racing industry, for purses, for all the employees at the racetracks or the racetrack facilities themselves,” said Daruty.

On the other hand, TSG is “very supportive” of Prop. 26, said Daruty. “We think it'll be very beneficial for the industry, and also for the Tribal proponents for whom we're partners,” he said, adding that it's too soon to make any potential revenue projections should it pass.

“That would all depend on commercial arrangements that are negotiated after the passage,” he said. “But we can say that it'll be good for live racing, it'll help support all the employees we have at our tracks, it'll help support racing overall. And we're very hopeful it passes.”

Horsephotos

When asked about the financial benefit sports wagering has had for the racing industries in other jurisdictions, Daruty responded that, in those instances, the sport had a “seat” at the table.

“That seat has either been through receiving a license to operate sports wagering, or in the form of subsidies paid either to the racetracks or to the purse account–those subsidies being generated by the sports wagering,” said Daruty. “Prop. 27 does none of that.”

These two initiatives are expected to generate a big-spending sibling rivalry, potentially the largest the state and nation has witnessed.

“We will run a vigorous campaign against this measure and are confident the voters will see through the deceptive promises being made by these out-of-state gambling corporations,” Cody Martinez, chairman of the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation, said about Prop. 27.

And Tribal groups have already made good on that promise, kickstarting a campaign against the rival ballot measure months in advance of the actual vote.

“It will be the biggest campaign spend in the history of United States ballot initiatives, not just California,” said Daniel Wallach, a Florida-based attorney and expert in sports wagering. “The largest was last year, on Proposition 22, which sought to classify Uber, Lyft and these ride-share drivers as employees instead of contractors.”

The online initiative has a potentially appealing selling hook to the voting public of a state gripped by a housing crisis: the bulk of the monies generated though a 10% tax will go toward tackling homelessness, including the creation of interim and permanent housing.

This partly explains why Wallach believes the online initiative stands the greatest chance of polling highest. “At least at this stage,” he said. “We're still early in the game.”

There's also the prospect both initiatives will garner enough votes in November to succeed.

Horsephotos

“It's likely both could be enacted into law,” said Wallach, who added that in which case, there's no ostensible conflicts of interest between the two measures precluding them from co-existing.

“Neither initiative in the sports betting realm speaks to the other or negates the other,” he said. “They were proposed more than a year apart from one another, and they're not being presented as an either/or initiative, unlike past cases which have been litigated.”

Nevertheless, in the event both measures succeed, if Prop. 26 polls higher, Tribal organizations might still employ legal means to prevent the rival online initiative from going into effect.

“I still think they could co-exist, but the Tribes are probably going to take a different position,” Wallach said. In this event, “no one could say with any certainty how this would play out.”

Another possibility is that the voting public, faced with two competing initiatives on the same ballot, might throw their hands up in confusion and vote both of them down.

“Conventional wisdom is that when you have two or more initiatives around similar subject matter, it presents confusion to the voters. But what could be confusing about online and retail? They're different distribution channels for wagering,” said Wallach.

That said, “everything about this is so speculative,” he added. “We're still about four months out. We can hypothesize different scenarios, but it's still too early in the process to forecast or predict which one's going to come in first or second, or whether they both pass or they both fail.”

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Weekly Stewards and Commissions Rulings, Apr. 19-25

Every week, the TDN publishes a roundup of key official rulings from the primary tracks within the four major racing jurisdictions of California, New York, Florida and Kentucky.

Here's a primer on how each of these jurisdictions adjudicates different offenses, what they make public (or not) and where.

California

Track: Santa Anita
Date: 04/20/2022
Licensee: Ed Moger, trainer
Penalty: $500 fine
Violation: Out of competition medication violation
Explainer: Trainer Ed Moger, who worked the horse Squalotoro for removal from the Veterinarian's List on March 10, 2022, at Santa Anita Park, is fined $500.00 pursuant to California Horse Racing Board Rules #1887(a) (Trainer or Owner to Insure Condition of Horse) for violation of California Horse Racing Board Rule #1866(h) (Veterinarian's List), #1843(a)(b)(d) (Medication, Drugs and Other Substances) and Rule #1843.1(a) (Prohibited Drug Substances – Phenylbutazone – Class 4).

Track: Santa Anita
Date: 04/20/2022
Licensee: Bob Hess, trainer
Penalty: $500 fine
Violation: Out of competition medication violation
Explainer: Trainer Robert Hess, who worked the horse Rantanen for removal from the Veterinarian's List on February 14, 2022, at Santa Anita Park, is fined $500.00 pursuant to California Horse Racing Board Rules #1887 (Trainer or Owner to Insure Condition of Horse) for violation of California Horse Racing Board Rule #1866(h) (Veterinarian's List), #1843(a)(b)(d) (Medication, Drugs and Other Substances), Rule 1844(d)(1) (Authorized Medication) and Rule #1843.1 (Prohibited Drug Substances – 5-Hydroxy Dantrolene [Class 4]).

Track: Santa Anita
Date: 04/20/2022
Licensee: Diego Herrera, jockey
Penalty: $1,000 fine
Violation: Excessive use of the whip
Explainer: Apprentice Jockey Diego Herrera is fined $1,000.00 for violation of California Horse Racing Board rule #1688(b)(8)(d) (Use of Riding Crop – more than six times – third offense in the past sixty days) during the eighth race at Santa Anita Park on April 17, 2022.

Kentucky
The following ruling was not posted in time for inclusion last week.

Track: Keeneland
Date: 04/10/2022
Licensee: Brian Hernandez, Jr., jockey
Penalty: $500 fine
Violation: Excessive use of the whip
Explainer: After waiving his right to a hearing before the Board of Stewards, Brian J. Hernandez, Jr., who rode Cilla in the seventh race at Keeneland on April 9, 2022, was found to have violated the crop regulation. This being his first offense, Mr. Hernandez was given the option and chose to pay a fine. Brian Hernandez, Jr. is hereby fined $500.00 for his improper use of the riding crop by exceeding the allowable use in the overhand manner. Upon receipt of this ruling, it is required within 30 days to pay any and all fines imposed to the Kentucky horse Racing Commission. Failure to do so will subject the licensee to summary suspension of license pursuant to 810 KAR 3:020 Section 15 (cc).

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From Dust to Dust: Do “Terrible” Racetrack Barns Exacerbate EIPH?

For all the satchels of research dollars and reams of ink devoted to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), it remains a topic Swiss cheese riddled with unknowns.

Which means that, as the sport continues to move away from Lasix as a crutch to manage the problem–especially when the federal Horseracing Integrity and Safety Act (HISA) outlines a timeframe for a total race-day Lasix ban–various lines of inquiry beg pursuit.

Given the sometimes rundown, poorly ventilated state of racetrack barns around the country, perhaps the most urgent one is this: How much of an impact do these conditions have on a horse's EIPH susceptibility?

There have been efforts to find answers, however, including a recent multi-state study designed primarily to gauge the prevalence and severity of post-race EIPH in 2-year-olds.

“This is certainly the largest study of 2-year-old horses that's been conducted,” said Dr. Warwick Bayly, dean of Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine and the lead researcher on the study, which took in video endoscopies of 893 2-year-olds after 1,071 races at 15 American racetracks.

The results of the endoscopies–taken between 30 to 60 minutes after the race–were then sent blind to a team of three observers who assigned an EIPH score of zero (none) to four (severe) to each.

Though these results are currently being spun into a peer-reviewed paper, Bayly shared some of the preliminary data with the TDN.

As a comparison between 2-year-olds that received Lasix and those that didn't, the study “unfortunately lacked sufficient statistical power” because the bulk of the horses scoped–roughly 83%–ran Lasix free, said Bayly.

Nevertheless, despite Bayly calling the results of the 2-year-old study “pretty homogenous,” the study has generated some conclusions of interest, including how:

  • EIPH was found in 66% of cases, with scores of three or four occurring in 8% of cases. The prevalence and severity of EIPH in 2-year-olds, therefore, was consistent with that of older racehorses.
  • The severity of EIPH appeared to vary with track location but not track surface–a trend, says Bayly, that warrants further investigation.

Bayly and his fellow researchers didn't just study 2-year-olds; stake-race performers aged three and older also formed a separate study group. From these results, Bayly draws a few conclusions of note.

As has been shown in other studies, more severe EIPH is linked to poor racetrack performance. The chances of severe EIPH also increased with race distance.

Another is that as horses age and accumulate more races and workouts, the severity of EIPH worsens. “If a 6-year-old is still running in stakes races, it's because it's a darn good horse,” he said.

Coady

Perhaps most interestingly, an episode of moderate to severe EIPH isn't necessarily predictive of an equally bad event next time the horse runs.

“A couple of horses that had a three or a four [grade EIPH], the next time they ran, they didn't have it–they might have been a one,” said Bayly. “Horses that were a grade two, subsequently their next run afterwards might have been a two or a one or a zero.”

Most pertinent for this story, the study also sought to determine whether various environmental factors predispose a racehorse to increased likelihood of EIPH.

The researchers are hoping to look at the Air Quality Index (AQI) at each location, the horse's bedding, the material of the horse's stall (wood or metal, for example), and whether that stall opened inwards into the barn or faced outwards.

Because of the migratory nature of racing, with horses routinely shipped from track to track, Bayly described the gathering of much of this information as rather catch-as-catch-can.

“We just didn't have the resources to really delve into that and I am not sure we will find anything, although horsemen are interested in the subject,” he said.

That last observation is on the money, as some industry stakeholders argue that the relationship between a horse's environment and EIPH is already clear.

Coady

Real-world application

“Our stalls at our racetracks are terrible,” said Bill Casner, former trainer and co-founder of WinStar Farm.

“If trainers would only have a high understanding of the implications of a poor respiratory environment on their horses, they could really go a long way in mitigating bleeding,” he added.

For years now, Casner has been on something of a crusade to raise industry awareness of the importance of a horse's environment to its respiratory health and overall athletic performance.

“I trained racehorses in my youth, and I couldn't shake out a straw stall,” he said, in explanation of what prompted this interest. “Straw would give me a severe asthma attack. That was where I really started to become aware.”

In 2016, Casner appeared at the Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit at Keeneland, extolling the virtues of stalls and shedrows free of lung-clogging dust, pathogens and mold.

His presentation included an overview of his then relatively new bespoke training barn at WinStar Farm, in Kentucky, which he designed to address what he sees as the four central pillars of lung health: ventilation, bedding, forage and contamination.

A concrete and metal shell that's easy to clean with a power-wash, the WinStar barn is tall and airy to prevent ammonia collecting in the horse's immediate breathing space. Ammonia can irritate the respiratory tract in horses.

Indeed, unlike traditional stables with a loft overhead to store hay and straw, the horses sleep beneath a ceiling full of skylights and large fans to circulate the air without dredging up dust from the floor.

Visitors to the barn won't even find rafters where birds–what Casner describes as “just another vector” for disease and bacteria–can perch.

Hay is steamed and fed to the horses on the floor. Hay nets are anathema. Shavings and wood pellets are used to bed the horses down instead of straw.

And once a week, Casner “fogs” the stalls with a novel mixture made from a cationic steroid anti-microbial (CSA) liquid diluted in five gallons of water.

Casner swears that since routinely fogging the barns with the anti-microbial mist–a mixture that kills only the bad microbes, not the good–the coughs, sniffles, spiking temperatures and skin problems that typically rampage through a barn full of youngstock with their embryonic immune systems have been all but eliminated.

“I've been spraying it in my barn for gash-dang eight years now. Since then, we haven't had one cough and we haven't had one temp,” he said.

Ultimately, said Casner, “bleeding is an inflammatory issue.”

Coady

Environmental factors

The thing is, while researchers have identified an association between EIPH and inflammatory airway disease [IAD] in horses, a scientifically proven link “has not been published,” said Dr. Laurent Couetil, a professor of large animal medicine at Purdue University whose research has focused on inflammatory respiratory disease in horses, including racehorses.

“The big picture is that EIPH is very common in racehorses, as we know, as is mild asthma,” Couetil added, using another more everyday term for inflammatory airway disease.

“To just have those two things co-exist because they are common in their own right makes sense,” he added. “So, the question truly is: Are they linked?”

The first such potential association between EIPH and airway inflammation arrived in the late 1980s with a study on horses that had raced in Hong Kong and had suffered a bleeding event.

Through subsequent necropsies, pathologists found that in the same areas of the lungs most damaged though EIPH there existed an unusual amount of localized inflammation.

Since then, published research into IAD shows that the number one villain is probably dust and particulates in the air, with much of the literature reinforcing Casner's approach to clean, well-ventilated stables, along with dampened hay fed on the ground.

“Anything that really works to reducing dust exposure, especially the small dust particles, is exactly what should be done,” Couetil said, pointing to how fine particulates can trigger airway inflammation, while larger particulates worsen it.

Jen Roytz

“If you think about horses and their normal environment, their habitat should be outside on the prairies, grazing,” he added.

This study, for example, compared horses fed hay in nets to those fed hay on the floor.

Not only were the hay-net fed horses exposed to more dust and particulate matter than the floor-fed horses, but their lungs appeared to have significantly greater inflammation, too.

This leads to other potential connecting threads.

Horses kept in enclosed or dusty stables are more likely to exhibit visible mucus in the trachea, this study found. And as this prior study of Thoroughbreds determined, higher levels of tracheal mucus were linked to poor racing performance.

More than 10 years ago, a team of experts looked at the air quality throughout the day in three different barns at Thistledown Race Track over the months of July, September and November.

Among the key findings:

  • Enclosed, poorly ventilated stables had the dustiest air
  • The barn location of the stall dictated air quality
  • Air particulate concentrations were highest in September and November, lowest in July
  • The quality of the air was significantly worse in the morning than the rest of the day

Respiratory health isn't just an issue confined to the indoors, however.

Like Bayly with his ongoing multi-state study, researchers are looking at the potential impact that outdoor air quality might have on the equine athlete.

“I was doing some quick math and when a horse goes out to train or race, the amount of air they move in and out is similar to the rest of the day and the volume of air they breathe in when they are quiet,” said Couetil, adding that a horse's “ventilation” increases 30-fold during peak exercise.

The air surrounding inner-city tracks can be polluted with all sorts of contaminants like industrial chemicals and exhaust fumes, long-term exposures to which are known to cause severe human health issues. Are horses vulnerable to similar effects?

“If you race just a short amount of time in a polluted area, it might lead to a similar exposure to the rest of the day when they're quietly breathing in the stall,” Couetil explained. “Nobody has really looked at this–it's something that needs to be explored.”

In that vein, Couetil is involved in an ongoing two-year study to assess real-time dust exposures at four different tracks using a monitor attached to participating horses' halters. The study will simultaneously measure the pollution levels at each track.

Nevertheless, when it comes to the link most critical to horseracing–that between EIPH and inflammatory airway disease–there is “so much we don't know,” Couetil emphasized.

“We are kind of scratching the surface right now.”

The post From Dust to Dust: Do “Terrible” Racetrack Barns Exacerbate EIPH? appeared first on TDN | Thoroughbred Daily News | Horse Racing News, Results and Video | Thoroughbred Breeding and Auctions.

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