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Atypical Myopathy: Why Are Only Some Horses Affected?

Equine atypical myopathy is an unusual, deadly disease which is poorly-understood. If a group of horses is turned out together, only some will be affected by the debilitating disease, caused by the ingestion of the seeds or saplings of specific trees in the Acer family.

Equine atypical myopathy typically affects horses that live on pasture in the spring and fall. It has been seen in Europe since the mid-1990s. Some 2,500 cases have been reported in the last decade.

Researchers believe intestinal bacteria may play a role in why some horses get the disease while herdmates don't. Drs. Christina Wimmer-Scherr, Bernard Taminiau, Benoît Renaud, Gunther van Loon, Katrien Palmers, Dominique Votion, Hélène Amory, Georges Daube and Carla Cesarini hypothesized that fecal microbiota may play a role in whether or not horses became affected by the disease.

The study team used fecal samples from 59 horses with atypical myopathy that were referred to Belgian clinics: 29 horses that survived and 30 that didn't. The team also used 26 healthy horses that shared pastures with the affected horses during the outbreak periods.

The team concluded that horses suffering from atypical myopathy have different fecal microbiota than their healthy counterparts. The changes were more severe in horses that didn't survive the disease.

Horses impacted by atypical myopathy will suddenly become stiff and weak; they will have a rapid heart rate and dark urine. As the disease progresses, the horse may be unable to rise, experience breathing issues and eventually die. There is no cure and treatment of symptoms is often unsuccessful. The mortality rate is between 43 and 97 percent.

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Another Positive For Pasture: Equine Eyes Benefit From Turnout

A recent study has found yet another reason to turnout horses as much as possible: It keeps their eyes healthy. The diversity of fungal species found in the eye is greater in horses that spend time outside.

Drs. Mary Walsh, Courtney Meason-Smith, Carolyn Arnold, Jan Suchodolski and Erin Scott used molecular-based DNA testing to identify what type of fungi were present in the eyes of 12 horses: five mares that lived outside and seven stallions that lived in stalls.

The scientists took eye swabs from each eye of the 12 horses, then extracted and sequenced the genomic DNA from the swab.

The scientists found that the equine eye is host to many fungal, bacterial and viral organisms, and that the composition and structure of fungi varied significantly between pastured and stabled horses. Though many horse owners associate these organisms with eye issues, previous studies have shown that fungi may occur naturally on the eye: between 13 and 95 percent of eye swabs performed on healthy horses were positive for fungal growth.

The team determined that horses that were exposed to a variety of plant matter, like grasses, as well as to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, are more likely to have a wider range of fungal organisms in their eyes than horses that live in stalls, where the environment is more controlled. The differences in composition, structure, and richness of fungi inhabiting the equine ocular surface is most likely affected by the housing environment in which a horse lives, they concluded.

They also noted that horses that live on pasture may be more at risk of fungal infections if their eye is injured.

Read the full study here.

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Study: Intense Exercise Affects More Than Just Muscles

Scientists in Poland have discovered that intense exercise changes the amount of bacteria in a horse's digestive system. Exercise limits the amount of oxygen intestinal mucosa receives, which could stimulate bacterial growth in the digestive system so that more nutrients can be metabolized.

Drs. Wanda Górniak, Paulina Cholewińska, Natalia Szeligowska, Magdalena Wołoszyńska, Maria Soroko and Katarzyna Czyż used seventeen 3-year-old racehorses in training at Partynice Race Course for their study. All the horses were fed the same forage and were trained with only trot and canter work. The team asked the horses to race just over a mile (1,900 meters), and took fecal samples before and 48 hours after the work. The horses had not been worked at speed for two weeks prior to the study.

When comparing the bacteria in the fecal samples, the scientists found a significant increase in both Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes bacteria in all samples taken after the horses worked at speed, but they noted that each horse responded differently. This indicates that each horse may respond individually to exercise.

The changes in bacteria may allow for the diet, intensity, and quantity of training of racehorses to be adapted as a whole. The discovery of individual bacterial responses to exercise may lay the groundwork for specifically tailored diet and conditioning programs to improve horse health and the individual's ability to adapt to exercise.

Read the study here.

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Is Colic The Only Reason For Bacterial Changes In The Gut? Probably Not

It's long been known that the best way to prevent ulcers in horses is to make sure they have something to eat—preferably forage—nearly constantly. But what happens if feed and hay are withheld to not exacerbate a problem, like colic?

Drs. Jaclyn Willette, Dipti Pitta, Nagaraju Indugu, Bonnie Vecchiarelli, Meagan Hennessy, Tamara Dobbie and Louise Southwood found that the bacterial population of a horse's gut changes if he has been without food for at least 10 hours.

Chronic gastrointestinal disease leads to a decrease in variety of bacterial species in the gut of humans and cattle; the same is thought to be true for horses.

The bacteria in a colicking horse's gut is distinctly different from that in a healthy horse's gut. While this could be related to intestinal problems and inflammation that is leading to the colic epsiode, other factors could be at play, including withholding feed, which is an essential tool in managing a horse with colic.

The study team used eight mares for a crossover study that withheld nearly all feed for 24 hours and then allowed each horse free-choice timothy hay for 24 hours. The horses had access to water at all times.

The researchers found that bacteria richness and diversity were significantly lower 10 to 24 hours after the fast began. This limited bacterial population persisted for 2 to 12 hours after the horses were given access to hay. The horse's gut returned to normal 18 to 24 hours after the hay was reintroduced.

The team concluded that the effect of withholding feed should be considered when interpreting data on species and amount of gut bacteria in horses. Their findings may help locate markers that will lead to the development therapeutic interventions for horses that are colicking.

Read the study here.

Read more at HorseTalk.

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