Making Claims: Let The Courts Strengthen What It Means To Be A Thoroughbred

In “Making Claims,” Paulick Report bloodstock editor Joe Nevills shares his opinions on the Thoroughbred industry from the breeding and sales arenas to the racing world and beyond.

It came as no surprise when The Jockey Club's Stud Book cap on foals born in 2020 or later was formally taken to the courts on Tuesday. The only question was who would be the one to throw the gauntlet down, and when they'd do it.

Now that the bell has officially been rung, there's potentially a lot more on the line than just how many mares a stallion can breed in a year. The very nature of what a Thoroughbred is, and how one is made, could hang in the balance.

In the complaint filed by Spendthrift Farm, Ashford Stud, and Three Chimneys on Tuesday, one of the demands from the plaintiffs reads as follows:

“For an injunction requiring the [Kentucky Horse Racing Commission], through its Chairman and Executive Director, to permit Thoroughbreds to race in Kentucky regardless of their inclusion in the Jockey Club Registry.”

Taken at face value, this reads like a simple request to allow stud farms to continue breeding as many mares to its stallions as they want, beyond the 140-mare cap. For all we know, that might be the only thing the plaintiffs had in mind when the document was written up.

However, the open-ended nature of its language could potentially prop open the door to sidestep other longstanding rules that define what a Thoroughbred is anywhere in the world – namely, that they must be conceived on a live cover.

A horse of Thoroughbred blood conceived via artificial insemination, embryo transfer, cloning, or any other means besides the only one that's allowed, is not a true “Thoroughbred” by The Jockey Club's definition, and it would not be included in the registry. This is one of the building-block rules of the breed.

If Thoroughbreds are allowed to race in Kentucky regardless of their inclusion in the Jockey Club registry, the lock to Pandora's Box would seemingly be left unfastened for whatever interpretation one would want to use.

The live cover issue is one that's being debated and litigated on a global scale, and blowing open the American Stud Book would be a huge precedent with potentially vast ripple effects. The plaintiffs are aware of that global balance, noting in their filing that foals conceived after a stallion's 140th mating of the season would not be eligible for registration in any reputable jurisdiction in the world once it's deemed unable to be registered domestically.

This is a court case that could change the process of Thoroughbred breeding worldwide. It's also an incredible opportunity to reinforce the legal standing of the Stud Book cap and, in turn, the very definition of a Thoroughbred, assuming The Jockey Club and its fellow defendants prevail.

If this conflict was inevitable, which it was as soon as the cap was announced, it's best to get it over with.

Speaking with some prominent figures in Kentucky's stallion industry, I wasn't alone in this thought process.

“I think everybody thought it would come to some kind of challenge, be it stallion farms or an individual breeder who couldn't breed to the horse they wanted to because he was over 140,” said John G. Sikura of Hill 'n' Dale Farms. “While it's frustrating and takes a long time, I think the legal challenge is a good one to answer the question. When something's legally held, whether you like it or don't like it, the future is defined. It's better than being muddled or uncertain.”

The question of whose job it is to regulate Thoroughbred breeding, The Jockey Club or the individual state commissions, is one of the core issues of the lawsuit. Settling the matter in the courts would not only firm up the legal standing of the Stud Book cap, a win for The Jockey Club would also better establish its authority to set and enforce rules in an industry where so many other guidelines vary from state to state.

There are enough drums beating for a central national authority in horse racing, so I won't add my mallet to it here, but it's hard to argue that the industry would be helped in any way by a weakened Jockey Club – arguably the closest thing we have to that central office.

Duncan Taylor of Taylor Made Farm said he understood the reasoning behind the suit, specifically noting the cap's restriction on the idea of free-market capitalism, but he also noted that hardly any industry goes completely unregulated. Any form of regulation is ultimately a man-made restriction to the marketplace, and if man-made rules are created in any venue, they tend to be challenged.

Even if the lawsuit's demand language did explicitly state that it only wanted to overturn the Stud Book cap, Taylor said a defeat of that magnitude in court could make it easier to pull apart other pillars of The Jockey Club's rulebook.

“I would say that I could file today and say we should have artificial insemination, and if their case wins, then the AI case ought to definitely win,” he said.

This case could be seen as a potentially helpful one for proponents of the cap, immunizing it from future legal challenges, but it's only helpful if The Jockey Club and the other defendants win. Otherwise, there will be a lot of open-ended questions suddenly needing answers.

If you're looking for past performance, there is a bit of precedence in this matter, and it looks good for the cap staying in place.

When the United States Trotting Association worked toward instituting its own stud book cap for Standardbreds in the mid-2000s, and ultimately implemented it in 2009 (Spoiler alert: Everything was fine), there were several legal challenges that the measure had to overcome from parties claiming it violated antitrust laws.

I wanted to get some perspective on what to expect from the legal challenges, so I spoke with USTA president Russell Williams, who was a board member at the time the Standardbred rule was implemented. He was one of the cap's most vocal supporters, despite running top breeding operation Hanover Shoe Farms, which took one of the biggest hits from the new rule.

Williams, himself a lawyer, said the rule was created with the expectation that it would have to prove itself out in court, so steps were taken ahead of time to make sure it would stand up to the barrage. An intensive study by the University of Kentucky's Dr. Gus Cothran was commissioned to establish scientifically that there was a looming issue with genetic diversity. Then, the language was given the green light by one of the country's leading law firms specializing in antitrust.

Williams said he expected The Jockey Club would come out on top in the end, even if the case and the argument aren't quite apples-to-apples with what the USTA faced. The burden of proof in the scientific backing will rest harder with The Jockey Club, given it hasn't publicly produced a similar go-to study to hold up against the claims that the science isn't there, as accused by the plaintiffs.

With that being said, the diminishing variety in the Thoroughbred gene pool doesn't take a PhD to deduce in the annual Report of Mares Bred.

The foal crop is at its lowest point in decades, fewer stallions are standing at stud, and the number of stallions covering 140-plus mares per season has exploded since the turn of the century. These trends have been a part of The Jockey Club's platform for the cap since it first went public with a proposed rule change in the summer of 2019.

Putting names behind the numbers further shows just how compounded the top of the Thoroughbred market could become if the trend continues. Of the 42 stallions that covered 141 or more mares last year, 15 were by one of five sires: Curlin, Into Mischief, Uncle Mo, Speightstown, and Tapit. Of those five stallions, all but Tapit were also in the group themselves.

Though the odds appear to tilt toward the defendants, one can't expect this will be resolved quickly, or even necessarily in the defendants' favor. If it goes before a jury, as the plaintiffs requested, juries have done crazier things. Either way, this won't be settled as quickly and neatly as a one-hour episode of Law and Order.

Meanwhile, the first foals affected by the Stud Book cap will go through the sales ring as yearlings this summer and fall. It would be nice for everyone involved if they knew exactly what kind of blue sky they were buying into at that point in the calendar, but we can only venture a guess as to what might happen in the months between then and now.

If all goes as expected, I figure the breed will emerge from this lawsuit better off for it. Now, let's just see if it all goes as expected.

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Major Australian Breeder Under Investigation For Embryo Transfer In Mares

Sean Buckley of Australian-based breeding operation Ultra Thoroughbreds, is under investigation for conducting an embryo transfer scheme in Thoroughbred mares, the Racing Post's ANZ Bloodstock reports.

Stewards for Racing Victoria are investigating allegations that the operation has been producing foals through embryo transfer: taking a fertilized egg from a mare in its ranks and placing it into another mare to carry and foal out. One of the mares in question is believed to be Miss Andretti, the 2007 Australian Horse of the Year, who has reportedly had a history of issues conceiving foals.

The allegations list multiple high-profile mares who are accused of using artificial means of conceiving foals during the 2019 Southern Hemisphere breeding season, including Strikeline, the dam of recent Group 1 winner Nature Strip.

The claims allege that Miss Andretti had a filly and Strikeline had a colt during last year's foaling season, both by Buckley-owned stallion Addictive Nature, but mare returns have not been reported for either horse. Both mares were covered by another Buckley-owned stallion, Shamus Award, in December.

The rules of the Australian Stud Book – along with any globally recognized Thoroughbred stud book – state that a registered Thoroughbred can only be conceived through a live cover. Other forms of conception, including embryo transfer, artificial insemination, and cloning, are strictly prohibited within the Thoroughbred breed, through they are more commonplace within the racing spheres of the Standardbred, Quarter Horse, and Arabian breeds.

The investigation was supported on-record by representatives for breed organizations Thoroughbred Breeders Australia and Thoroughbred Breeders Victoria.

Read more at Racing Post ANZ Bloodstock.

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Quality Of Frozen Semen Affected By Stallion Age And Breed

A study out of Australia has found that semen from Arabian stallions withstands the freezing and thawing cycle used in artificial insemination (AI) better than semen from Icelandic, Quarter Horse or Warmblood breeds.

Drs.  Jörg Aurich, Juliane Kuhl, Alexander Tichy and Christine Aurich, from the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, examined the semen quality of 1,012 frozen and thawed samples from 134 stallions of five different breeds. They calculated the acceptable percentage of ejaculates for AI as well as the doses available.

The researchers found that the most important variable was sperm motility before freezing: The higher this number, the more likely quality post-thaw semen would be found. Thawed semen is considered acceptable for insemination when the sperm's ability to swim in a straight line or in large circles is 35 percent or higher.

The age of the stallion was also an important parameter; there was a marked decrease in acceptable ejaculates in stallions over 9. The researchers suggest that stallions with high breeding values used in competitions should be collected while they are younger and not after they have retired from the competition ring.

While Arabian stallions had above-average acceptable ejaculates, Icelandic and Quarter Horse stallions had below-average ejaculates. Warmblood and Lipizzaner stallions had average numbers. The researchers note that this suggests a genetic basis for semen cryotolerance.

Total sperm count was the most important variable determining the number of doses of semen obtained. Stallions with good semen quality are more likely to yield acceptable semen after thawing, but good sperm motility in raw semen doesn't always correlate to post-thaw semen quality.

The scientists concluded that there are individual stallions that have semen that does not freeze well, though their raw semen is high quality.

Read more at HorseTalk.

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