Proper athletic conditioning can increase the actual size of the heart, which is a factor in cardiac output. Cardiac output is a combination of heart rate and stroke volume. The more blood that pumps through the heart, the more oxygen arrives at the muscles. 

A horse that has been trained properly will have healthy lungs, which can take in more oxygen. The oxygen is then carried by the blood and distributed to the muscles. Called maximum oxygen uptake, this process provides power for a longer time. If all other equine systems are in order, the horse's performance level is directly related to maximal oxygen uptake, which can increase by 35 times between rest and intensive exercise.

Athletic conditioning also affects the spleen, which acts as a filter for blood and a blood storage area. Correct training increases the spleen's capacity to hold blood. It also makes the spleen more efficient at contracting during exercise, which forces more blood cells into circulation. 

Proper training also enlarges the capillary network within muscles, allowing more blood to be delivered in a shorter amount of time.   

Read more at AQHA. 

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