The musical arrangement features soothing music designed with the horse in mind. The track was created by Janet Marlow, sound behaviorist, composer, researcher and founder of Pet Acoustics Inc. Marlow focused on creating rhythms and melodies composed for the listening comfort of the horse, including specific pitch, tone and frequencies. Studies show that playing music can help balance equine behavior because it helps mask outside sounds and vibrations, as well as provide a positive and relaxing effect.

“When Boehringer Ingelheim expressed an interest in doing something to help manage stress in horses, I was extremely interested based on my research in this area,” said Janet Marlow, founder of Pet Acoustics. “It's all about composing music and modifying the decibel and frequency levels of each note for the comfortable hearing range of the animal. Using this process, we have tested music through clinical studies at veterinary hospitals, barns, etc. to see the music elicit a release of physical tensions and stress behaviors.”

To access it, veterinarians and horse owners can visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoekmWDxfuaOGuL1ELoPIGQ/videos. Visitors will be able to play the music track and video, as well as gain access to additional resources on stress, EGUS, and ways to help prevent it.

This includes information on the use of Ulcergard^® (omeprazole), to help reduce the creation of acid in a horse's stomach during times of stress, helping to maintain optimal gastric health. For ulcer prevention, horses should be given ULCERGARD once daily during these stressful periods. ULCERGARD is the only prevention for equine gastric ulcers that is proven to be safe, effective and approved by the FDA.

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Question: What is white line disease (WLD) and how can it be managed?

Dr. Raul Bras: Horses' hooves are subjected to a variety of influences that can impact soundness, including breed, limb conformation, and environment, which can change the shape of a foot. The function of the hoof can be affected by the environment, discipline, exercise, and farriery. The hoof has the ability to respond relative to its structural characteristics, its natural tolerance of the mechanical challenges, or by adaptation with changes in growth rate and shape. External alterations of the hoof capsule can be evident to the astute eye. However, many crucial changes go unnoticed until lameness or other problems are evident.

Many foot-related lameness involves hoof capsule distortions. Hoof capsule distortions occur when the tensile, compressive, or shearing forces on the hoof exceed the capacity of the hoof capsule components to withstand them. There are three basic situations in which the loading capacity of a structure can be exceeded: normal load on an abnormal structure, abnormal load on a normal structure, and abnormal load on an abnormal structure. The latter is a more reliable recipe for distortion and perhaps outright destruction of the compromised component.

WLD is a syndrome associated with structural defects of specific parts of the hoof and is characterized by progressive hoof wall separation that occurs within the non-pigmented Stratum Medium layer of the hoof wall. WLD describes a set of symptoms, rather than one specific cause of those symptoms.

The name of white line disease should not be confused with the anatomical white line that is visible around the edges of a horse's sole. Rather, it deals with the non-pigmented (or “white”) layer of the hoof wall. The hoof capsule's horn is made of three layers: the stratum externum is the stronger, denser layer of tubules that are pigmented in black feet. The stratum medium is nonpigmented. has a less dense configuration of horn tubules. stratum internum  (inner layer) is the laminae and its blood supply that anchors the coffin bone to the wall.

WLD is often confused with laminitis, as the clinical and radiographic evidence are similar with a few key differences. In WLD, the separation seen in the foot will originate from the solar surface, whereas in laminitis, the separation starts in the dermal lamellae and continues distally. The air density line of WLD invades the white softer part of the wall via small breaks in the ground surface, and goes unnoticed for long period of time as the horse shows no evidence of discomfort until the capsular rotation reduces sole depth to a painful level. Capsule rotation occurs within the horn wall with WLD, and within the laminae with laminitis.

WLD has an air density lesion that extends from the ground surface and can have irregular borders, often with considerable debris filling the defect. Laminitis has capsule rotation that occurs within the laminae, and the gas line does not extend to the ground surface even when the coffin bone has penetrated the sole. Only after weeks to months from onset does the defect communicate with the ground surface.

The venogram can provide key information to veterinarians and farriers when diagnosing either laminitis or WLD, as it allows them to see areas that are deprived of blood flow.

WLD and laminitis can occur simultaneously when either is very chronic in nature.

The syndrome was first described by Drs. Ric Redden and Al Gabel in the 1970s after they observed that this defect involved the non-pigmented part of the horn. Biomechanical tests have shown that the non-pigmented portion of the stratum medium is the least rigid area of the hoof wall and has the highest water content, which could play a role in the expression of white line disease.

Redden observed that when WLD happens in one foot only, it tends to be in the hoof with a steeper profile or a club foot shape. Additionally, other researchers found a connection between the symptoms of WLD and a fungal infection called onychomycosis. Since then, we have learned the fungus is probably common in equine hooves but isn't present in all cases of WLD. Additional research has searched for an association between symptoms and different types of bacteria, the theory being the symptoms may be a sign of a bacteria that destroys hoof horn. Of course, like fungi, bacteria are also very common in a horse's environment and the bacteria that have been studied seem to be present in some cases of WLD, but not all of them. It seems more likely that bacteria are secondary opportunists which add more damage to a weakened hoof wall but aren't the main cause of damage

As with many other types of foot-related lameness, prevention is much more effective than treatment. Prevention begins with careful observation. It is important that detrimental changes in the foot be recognized early and dealt with appropriately while there is still a chance to preserve the integrity of the foot. Failure to understand the normal structure and function of the equine foot and to manage the foot and the horse accordingly can have deleterious effects.

Treatment for WLD varies from sheer mechanics to wall removal and debridement of the affected areas. Mechanical benefits that can produce medical benefits appear to be a major key to therapeutic and pathological shoeing. A well-made strategic plan based on the basic mechanical requirements of the foot can greatly improve the outcome and success of many podiatry cases. Understanding the basics principles of podiatry allows the veterinarian and farrier to aid in the prevention of foot related lameness, maintain a sounder horse, and implement therapeutic shoeing when necessary.

Dr. Raul Bras is a certified journeyman farrier and veterinarian in the podiatry department at Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital. A member of the International Equine Veterinarian Hall of Fame, Bras graduated from Ross University and completed the farrier program at Cornell University. He is a partner at Rood and Riddle.

The post Ask Your Veterinarian Presented By Kentucky Performance Products: Identifying And Managing White Line Disease appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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Further, Baffert attorney Craig Robertson said in a CNN interview June 3, a small amount of betamethasone detected in blood couldn't even be having an appreciable impact on the horse's body.

“Just because that's the rule doesn't mean that it's a proper rule,” Robertson said to anchors John Berman and Brianna Keilar on New Day. “And the reason why it's not a proper rule is that at that level, there would be zero pharmacology in a horse – zero – and it would have had no effect on this race. And one thing that you haven't heard, and you will not ever hear, is an equine pharmacologist to come out and say that 21 picograms, 25 picograms would have any pharmacology in a horse. They're not going to say that, because they can't say that.”

But the research – what little peer-reviewed research exists on betamethasone in horses — doesn't support that.

It's difficult to know what concentration of a drug in a horse does or doesn't influence a race; that's a separate question altogether, but there have been two peer-reviewed studies published in recent years which suggest that even small amounts of betamethasone in the blood may indeed reflect some effect on a horse's body.

A study published in the Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 2015 sought to learn more about the pharmacology of intra-articular betamethasone injections in horses. Researchers administered two intra-articular betamethasone to eight 4-year-old Thoroughbreds and exercised them, then took blood and urine samples to check on levels of betamethasone and hydrocortisone for six weeks.

They found that the administration of betamethasone coincided with a reduced production by the horses' bodies of hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone is naturally produced by the horse's body and acts similarly to its fellow corticosteroid betamethasone. There are synthetic versions of hydrocortisone out there in therapeutic medications, too.

It's thought that circulating levels of a closely-related, administered drug are read by the horse's brain similarly to the endogenously-produced substance, and the brain will halt production of its own corticosteroid until the synthetic corticosteroid wanes. The study found that the suppression of hydrocortisone was present for 96 to 120 hours after the administration of betamethasone.

The study found the last detectable level of betamethasone in plasma at an average of 64 hours post-injection and 69 hours in urine, although those measurements were using .05 nanograms per milliliter (or 50 picograms per mL) of plasma and .25 nanograms per milliliter (or 250 picograms per mL) of urine as their limit of detection – much larger concentrations than what was detected in the Medina Spirit case.

More interestingly though, in 2017 the journal Drug Testing and Analysis published a study which examined the concentrations of betamethasone in blood, urine, and joint fluid in Thoroughbreds. That study found that when betamethasone was injected in a horse's joint, concentrations of the drug in fell below detectable levels much sooner in plasma (96 hours) and urine (seven days) than it did in joint fluid. It took between 14 and 21 days for the drug to disappear from joint fluid in the joint that received the treatment.

“One of the basic tenants of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis is that blood levels reflect drug concentrations at the site of pharmacologic effect, thereby allowing the extent and duration of effect to be estimated based on blood concentrations,” wrote the study authors, led by Dr. Heather Kynch. “However, this does not appear to be the case for intra-articular corticosteroids.”

The study's findings were not wholly surprising, given that corticosteroids generally are known to be a little fickle in their withdrawal times. One previous study found triamcinolone in joint fluid for 35 days after a joint injection, and another found methylprednisolone 77 days after a single intra-articular dose.

Knych's study also noted that the diffusion of drugs from joints may vary from one joint to another.

“Although more comprehensive pharmacodynamic studies are necessary, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects may continue even though drug is no longer detected in blood,” wrote the Knych team. “A major concern with this finding is that horses may be able to return to racing before they are completely healed following an injury. Even though blood concentrations would be below the recommended threshold, allowing the horse to race, therapeutic drug concentrations in the joint may mask the clinical signs of an injury that is not completely healed. This could ultimately increase the risk of additional damage to the joint.”

At the time Knych and her team performed that study, the Racing Medication and Testing Consortium (RMTC) recommended a seven-day withdrawal of corticosteroids to clear a regulatory threshold of 10 picograms per mL. In the intervening years, jurisdictions like California and Kentucky backed up their corticosteroid administration timeframes to coincide with additional layers of pre-race veterinary checks performed to improve safety after the Santa Anita fatalities. In Kentucky, any level of corticosteroids like betamethasone in a post-race sample is a violation, based on the belief that the drug now can't be found farther out than 14 days post-administration.

Perhaps incredibly, those two studies seem to be the bulk of the peer-reviewed, published research that has been done on the behavior of betamethasone in a horse's body. It's not uncommon for research into equine medications to be limited, even for commonly-used therapeutic drugs like betamethasone.

Baffert's view on the Medina Spirit case would likely dismiss both studies as irrelevant. He asserts he gave the drug via a topical cream to treat a skin condition, not a joint injection, as was done in both studies. Further testing of the blood and urine from Medina Spirit will seek to clarify whether the betamethasone found in the horse came from an injection or an ointment, and it seems that will be an ongoing point of debate for his legal team. But with the limited peer-reviewed research available, the suggestion that the drug doesn't have any pharmacological effect at low levels of detection in blood is going to be an uphill battle.

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The second objective, the question of whether administration route matters, will come down to a long (and probably dry) legal argument. The first objective, the proof of where the betamethasone came from, hangs on that extra testing, which means this is a good time to ask – can extra urine testing actually prove the origin of the betamethasone in question?

Maybe, says equine drug testing expert Dr. Rick Sams. But maybe not.

There are two ways that drug testing could try to establish whether the betamethasone came from an ointment or an injectable: by looking for the other ingredients in Otomax, the topical cream Baffert eventually said was used to treat a rash on Medina Spirit's hindquarters, or by identifying the exact chemical makeup of the betamethasone in the sample.

Besides betamethasone, Otomax also contains gentamicin, an antibiotic, and clotrimazole, an anti-fungal. Post-race samples aren't tested for most antibiotics or antifungals because those drugs are not acting directly on the body of the horse — they're designed to combat bacteria or fungi. As such, most of them aren't regulated in racehorses the same way an anti-inflammatory is, so it's not surprising that these ingredients weren't reported on the initial post-race test or in the split sample.

(Procaine penicillin is the common exception to this, since procaine is a numbing agent also used in other ways, outside the combination with penicillin. Penicillin is known to cause some discomfort in horses when injected, so it's often formulated with procaine to make repeated administrations more tolerable.)

Sams worries however that it's unlikely either of those drugs would have made it into the horse's urine in a sufficient amount to be testable, because they were given as topicals. They were present in a topical application with the directive to work on a surface- level skin rash, so their purpose was to work on bacteria or fungi on the skin's surface. He suspects they weren't designed to be readily absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream, since most of their work was to take place on the outside of the horse.

“I think the likelihood of gentamicin ever getting absorbed in sufficient quantities to show up in the urine is essentially zero,” he said.

In the case of clotrimazole, it's present in very low levels in Otomax, making it even less likely it would be absorbed.

“There are no studies I can find that demonstrate any appreciable absorption of clotrimazole after topical administration,” Sams said.

It's also not immediately clear how many accredited racing labs would be able to test for either substance, because it's not part of the usual battery of post-race tests. A civil court hearing June 11 revealed that New York's Equine Drug Testing Program housed at Morrisville State College will conduct the extra testing.

The other thing Zedan and Baffert hope the extra testing will reveal is the chemical makeup of the betamethasone detected in post-race sampling. Otomax contains betamethasone valerate, which is chemically different from betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate – the two versions of betamethasone used in injectable products. The words acetate, sodium phosphate, and valerate all refer to esters, which are chemical compounds derived from acids that are attached to a molecule of betamethasone.

“If one was to look for the valerate ester and find it, that would demonstrate that something other than the injectable preparation was administered to the horse,” said Sams. “But I think the chance of finding the valerate ester of betamethasone is zero, because the valerate ester has very low water solubility, and substances have to have water solubility to get excreted into the urine so I don't think it ever gets into the urine as valerate.”

It's possible that the legal team will ask the lab to look for betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate instead, with the idea that if they aren't found, that would demonstrate the horse wasn't given injectable betamethasone. Sams said the betamethasone acetate is, similarly to betamethasone valerate, not all that water soluble and therefore he wouldn't expect to find it in urine, even if it had been administered to the horse. The sodium phosphate ester however, is very water soluble and that may be excreted into the urine readily. Sams has done previous research on a chemically similar ester and found it was pretty easy to detect.

Racing labs aren't typically asked to determine which form of a drug like betamethasone is in a sample and Sams said he is not aware of any racing lab ever previously attempting to make this distinction.

So how helpful could this additional testing be? Its usefulness to Bob Baffert and Zedan Racing may be more about what it doesn't show than what it does. If the testing confirms betamethasone but can't determine which form is present, or finds no evidence of either injectable version, the attorneys may point out that there is no evidence to refute Baffert's version of events.

Of course, Sams and many others have stated that they don't believe Kentucky's rules differentiate between routes of administration for regulated substances like betamethasone. Whatever Baffert and Zedan hope to learn from the extra testing they've fought for, they will no doubt look to challenge that belief in court proceedings that may stretch on for months or years to come.

The post What Will That Extra Urine Testing In The Medina Spirit Case Actually Tell Us? appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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Still, his suggestion raised questions about how hair testing can help in cases like that of Medina Spirit. Many have hoped hair testing would be the next great advance in racing's drug testing program, able to detect what blood tests cannot.

Hold your horses, experts say.

Using hair to detect the presence of drugs works because a stand of hair contains melanin, which gives it color and which carries a slight negative ionic charge. That means that when drugs go through a horse's system, those with a slightly positive ionic charge bind to the melanin of the hair at the base where it's growing out from the horse's skin. Laboratories can find the resulting band of the drug in question sitting crossways inside the hair shaft if they have a sample of the hair. Horses with black hair will bind drugs easily; those with less melanin in their hair, like grays and roans, do not retain drug remnants in that hair as readily.

Only the drugs with a slightly positive charge are going to bind to hair well enough to be detected. Dr. Rick Sams, equine drug testing expert and former lab director for HFL Sport Science, said this works well for certain types of drugs.

“Clenbuterol has a negative charge on it, it binds to melanin and it can be detected at a very low level because a lot of it binds to the hair,” said Sams. “Negatively-charged substances like flunixin, like phenylbutazone, are repelled by the negative charge on melanin and do not readily bind to the hair sample even though the blood concentration may be substantially higher than the concentration of substances like clenbuterol.”

Steroids – both anabolics and corticosteroids – are neutral, so they're not attracted to hair. Anabolic steroids are excreted through skin glands and may appear on the outside, rather than the inside, of the hair shaft, but that makes it difficult to say whether a horse was exposed to the steroid externally or internally.

A hair test would probably not detect a corticosteroid like betamethasone in a horse, because it wouldn't bind well to the melanin. If hair testing had been done on Medina Spirit, it wouldn't show the drug but that would be because it couldn't, not because it had never been given.

Then there's the question of gathering that hair sample.

“There are lots of challenges with hair testing that would need to be addressed and standardized,” said Scollay. “For example, I'm terrible at pulling manes, just terrible. I have a hard time with one pull or even two pulls getting a sufficient sample. I'm pulling and pulling and pulling and I finally get what I need. There are some people who just use scissors. If you look at those samples, they're not necessarily even cuts. If you're at the laboratory, you don't know how much hair remained on the neck between the site of the cut and the hair follicle itself.”

Without the root of the hair, Scollay pointed out there's also no way to conduct DNA testing on a sample, should there ever be a question about whether the sample came from the horse in question – and of course, with the majority of Thoroughbreds being bays, the color of the hair isn't going to be much help.

Hair testing also doesn't provide particularly specific information about drug administration, and that's why it's most commonly used to find prohibited substances that are never supposed to be given to horses. Finding a little band of drug in a hair shaft tells the tester that the drug was administered, but not how much was given, how it was given, or exactly when. A three- to four-inch length of hair represents about six months of growth. Most often, laboratories could give a range of time when the drug exposure might have happened but it's usually a range of days or weeks, not hours. Some drugs, like clenbuterol, require multiple exposures of a drug before it will show up in hair. Labs can cut the hair into sections to try to narrow the timeframe a drug was given, but that method isn't always a good one.

“The problem is hair sometimes stops growing before it falls out,” said Sams. “The hair shafts grow at basically the same rate but some of them stop growing, so if you do a sample even in sections, you're going to see a distribution of the drug probably through multiple sections just due to the fact some of those hairs stopped growing. It's an imprecise science.”

A hair test is only useful if enough time has elapsed since the administration of the drug for the hair to grow long enough that it can be taken in a sample. Sams said that in research settings, hair has been sampled using a set of clippers and revealed drug administrations from one or two days before – but that in the field, there's no standardized way to take a sample, and it's unlikely a test barn will be able to successfully cut that close to the skin. Scollay said she wouldn't use a hair sample as a basis to confirm a drug administration more recently than two weeks to a month after administration.

Clenbuterol was recently banned in racing Quarter Horses, and as a result, the American Quarter Horse Association conducts hair testing on horses ahead of major stakes races. There have been cases where a hair test has been negative for clenbuterol but a post-race sample has been positive, resulting in sanctions. Ironically, some of those cases were overturned by courts on appeal because trainers successfully argued that the post-race positive must be a mistake due to the negative pre-race hair test. In reality, Scollay said, it's possible two different labs could use different methodologies on the same horse's hair and come up with different results, neither of which should invalidate a post-race test on blood or urine.

Because of these inconsistencies, both experts agree it will be some time before hair testing becomes the go-to in the United States – if it ever does.

“You have to decide what your purpose is with hair testing; it's not going to replace blood and urine testing. It's not going to do it,” she said. “It's a regulatory tool. It's part of your arsenal, but relying on it solely – unless you're dealing with a prohibited substance – you're going to have a challenging time.”

The post Hair Testing – What It’s Good For, What It’s Not Good For appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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Subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) in the distal (lower) aspect of a yearling's cannon bone occur relatively infrequently. Nonetheless, these lesions will most likely raise eyebrows if found on a yearling's pre-sale radiographs. Research shows that bone cysts occurring in this location do not necessarily need to spur a frantic phone call to the local equine surgeon.

SCLs are fluid-filled pockets found in the region of bone directly underneath the layer of articular cartilage that lines the ends of long bones inside joints. How they form remains unclear. Trauma might be involved, or they could result from the failure of the bone and cartilage to develop properly.

“Only six percent of all cystic bone lesions occur at the ends of the cannon bones,” said Dr. Mitja Miklavcic of Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine. “They typically are found in the femoral condyles in the knee (stifle) or in the pastern bones.”

Subchondral cystic lesions in locations such as the femoral condyle are associated with poorer racing performance compared to lesions in other locations. This explains why cystic lesions located in “prime real estate” such as the stifles are cause for pause in the sales arena.

In contrast, the presence of subchondral bone cysts in the distal cannon bone, farther from the joint, do not appear to be of particular concern in yearlings. Miklavcic relayed this message while presenting his data during the 2020 annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, which was held virtually.

In total, Miklavcic identified 42 yearlings with radiographic evidence of cystic lesions in the distal metacarpus/metatarsus. These X-rays were the requisite repository or pre-sale radiographs for yearlings up for sale at public auctions. In those 42 yearlings, 41% of the SCLs were in the left forelimb, 21% were in the right forelimb, and 12% were bilaterally in the front. The hind limbs were less commonly affected. Males were slightly overrepresented (43% of yearlings with SCLs were female).

Sixty-two percent of the lesions measured more than five millimeters along their greatest length, and most (71%) occurred in the medial condyle of the cannon bone. Most yearlings (80%) had evidence of a disrupted joint surface on the radiographs. Equibase was subsequently used to track the racing performance of those 42 yearlings with SCLs. Their racing performance was compared to the yearlings sold at the same sales that did not have SCLs in the distal cannon bones.

“No significant differences in number of starts, earnings, or earnings per start were noted between the horses sold as yearlings with and without cystic distal metacarpal/tarsal bone lesions,” said Miklavcic.

These results suggest that cystic lesions of the distal cannon bones do not affect racing performance. Miklavcic did suggest, however, that other factors could affect racing performance in this population of yearlings, not just bone cysts.

“Individual athletic capability, training techniques, and injuries or potential surgical interventions that occurred after the yearlings were sold could all have skewed the study results,” he said. “Other radiographic abnormalities were identified in 31% of the yearlings, such as osteoarthritis and sesamoiditis (inflammation of the sesamoid bones).”

In sum, simply finding a bone cyst on pre-sale radiographs in the distal cannon bone should not necessarily sound the alarm bells. To borrow a phrase from the sport horse world, you're buying the horse and not the x-rays.

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Tessa Van Diest, a second-year veterinary student at Washington State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital, and Dr. Jamie Kopper, associate professor at Iowa State University, were concerned that hospitalized horses that did not consume enough water could develop colic, a potentially life-threatening condition.

Traditionally, horses hospitalized at Washington State that don't voluntarily drink are offered water flavored with peppermint, sweet feed, or apple electrolytes. Until this study, no one had documented the horses' response.

“We were choosing some things that were commonly done in our hospital to try and get horses to drink water, and we wanted to see if they actually worked,” said Kopper.

The researchers chose 40 horses for the study, a mix of trail horses, pleasure horses, and show horses of different disciplines.

“Most of the horses were Quarter Horse-type horses typically presenting for a lameness and getting followed up with surgery or some sort of diagnostic imaging,” Kopper said.

The horses were divided into four groups. Each horse within a group was given a bucket of plain water and a bucket of flavored water (peppermint, sweet feed, or commercial apple electrolyte), according to its flavor grouping. Horses in the control group were offered two buckets of plain water. Assistant professor Clark Hogan helped to compile the statistics.

Kopper said the results of the 72-hour study were surprising and not at all what the researchers had expected.

“I think what surprised me the most was the horses actually did not appear to like the peppermint flavoring or the apple-electrolyte flavoring, and drank way more plain water compared to those two flavors,” she said.

Even horses that loved peppermint candy shunned the peppermint water.

“We actually had one owner who was really surprised because she said peppermints were one of her horse's favorite treats,” Kopper said. “But it was pretty uniform across the board that all the horses that were given the option of having peppermint in their water hardly drank that water at all and almost drank all their water from the plain water bucket.

“What I really took away from that was that if you're going to try flavoring a horse's water to try to get them to drink more, it's always important to give them a bucket of normal water as well, because sometimes what we think they might like, they actually wouldn't like, and it would have the opposite effect—drinking less.”

The winner of the taste test was sweet-feed flavored water, which the horses in that group significantly preferred over plain water.

Practical flavorings

For the study, Diest and Kopper chose flavorings that would be readily available to the horse owner: commercial Purina sweet feed purchased from the feed store; McCormick peppermint extract sold by the local grocery store; and apple-flavored electrolytes. To achieve the sweet-feed flavor, the researchers simply put a cup of sweet feed in the bottom of a bucket of water.

Could the researchers have used simply molasses to flavor the water, because it is the common flavor in commercial sweet feeds? Yes, but there was a matter of practicality. Not every stable has a jug of molasses sitting on the shelf, but every stable has sweet feed.

Kopper said that adding salt to a horse's diet also is a common way to encourage a horse to drink more water. However, clinicians must consider the illness for which a horse is hospitalized to assure feeding extra salt is safe. Also, horses that are being held off feed during treatment would not be able to be fed salt.

Other uses

Knowing your horse's preference would be useful in situations other than illness or hospitalization, Kopper said. Horses on the racing or show circuit, and even pleasure horses hauled to trail rides, may balk at water that tastes different from what they are accustomed to at their home barn.

“Definitely, each [study] horse was unique,” Kopper said. “So there were some horses that just loved the sweet-feed water and would drink and drink and drink it. Other horses had less of an opinion about it. So figuring out where your horse falls and if it has a flavor preference could be really helpful.”

Kopper suggested that horse owners set up their own taste test at home in advance to determine which flavor a horse prefers. Then they can carry that flavoring with them when they are away from home and add it to the water if the horse shuns the unfamiliar taste.

The post You Can Lead A Horse To Water, But Study Shows He’ll Only Drink If It’s The Right Flavor appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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Aidan Butler, chief operating officer for 1/ST Racing and owner of four off-track Thoroughbreds (OTTBs) himself, said that inventory control will be a critical part of The Stronach Group's aftercare strategy going forward. Now that horses are microchipped, Butler said it will be easier for track ownership to verify identities when they enter and exit track premises. Previously, not only was it difficult to verify horses' identities, but whatever gate records existed were on paper, and Butler said there was often a delay in that information being transmitted to officials. The Stronach Group is working on a software program called Racehorse 360, now in beta testing, which will give the racing office direct access to data taken at the gate, as well as allow the office to see which stall a particular horse is kept in and provide alerts when a horse leaves the property.

Butler also said that funding mechanisms are critical to the success of aftercare, pointing out that Stronach Group tracks host fundraiser days, work with horsemen to match per-start contributions to aftercare funds, provide mutuel machines that give horseplayers the option of a donation to aftercare, and also keep on-track aftercare liaisons to help trainers place horses that are ready for retirement.

The Stronach Group has also struck partnerships with nearby equine hospitals to help provide surgery or other salvage medical procedures in cases where an owner or trainer can't afford it. The goal in those cases is to help a horse suffering a major injury in racing or training become sound and able to do some kind of second career, even when returning to the track isn't going to be an option.

“There is no need and no point anymore in people not taking all of the offers we have and all of the abilities for aftercare,” said Butler.

Of course, improved traceability for horses would make all of these efforts easier, and the need for better traceability is something racing officials in other countries have also struggled with. Through the years, many American equestrians have pointed to the European equine passport system as a potential solution to better identify horses and inform subsequent owners about the horse's health and history. The passport is meant to contain information about a horse's registration status, identifying markings, vaccination history, catalogue for public sale, and race history. Simon Cooper, director of the Weatherbys General Stud Book, says however that the passport system has not done much to improve Thoroughbred traceability.

“The biggest problem I have is paper,” said Cooper. “Paper disappears. Paper is not on a database. For 250 years, we've been tracing our horses using paper.”

Cooper is often asked about the whereabouts of a particular Thoroughbred; while he can sometimes pull up their information in a few minutes, there are other times when he finds a horse has fallen off the regulatory map. He pointed out one case of a horse whose papers were turned in to his office by a slaughterhouse in another country. Three different sections of the passport were clearly faked, missing embossing, holograms, watermarks, and more. Additionally, the marking information didn't match the horse who'd arrived with the passport, making Cooper question which horse had actually been sent to slaughter, and where the horse was whose identity matched the paper passport.

There is now a push to digitize paper passports to provide regulatory and sport authorities with real time data on horse movement and health information. Cooper points out however that there will still be certain types of information that isn't necessarily recorded digitally under current guidelines. A horse's private sale, transition to a new career, a spell or rest, or time with a pinhooker/breaking farm are all likely to happen without a check-in from a regulatory authority that would appear on a digital passport. Filling in those gaps is crucial to keep a horse from falling off the radar.

Cooper said that the new digital passport will also include GPS location for a smart card to be kept with a horse's identification papers, but the stud book can only require that for Thoroughbreds in active careers as breeding horses.

To harness the power of digital passports for Thoroughbred aftercare, Cooper said racing authorities will need to issue new requirements for owners, mandating notification through the digital passport smartphone app of a horse's retirement, vaccination, movement, ownership changes, and death.

Catch the full replay of the IFAR session below.

The post IFAR: Traceability The Next Big Task For Welfare And Aftercare Advocates appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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But that doesn't mean that all signs of life were gone from the property.

Madeleine Sciametta and Allison Hickey, lifelong racetrackers who had called Calder home for years, began asking around as the track approached its end – what about the barn cats?

Like most racetracks, Calder was crawling with cats, from pets who arrived with the horses and were tucked into tack rooms at night to completely feral creatures who would come out to be fed and vanish again. Sciametta and Hickey each brought food to separate colonies of cats on different ends of the property and say there were at least four feeding stations, each with its own group of cats. Sciametta said a number of stables would arrive with cats and then leave them behind when they packed up and went to the next track. Then there were people who, knowing feral cats were fed at the track, would dump their household pets still wearing their collars off at the gate, assuming someone else would care for them.

Horses and people were supposed to be off the grounds by April 5. As the date approached, it became clear to Sciametta and Hickey that while lots of people said they wanted to help, no one else was stepping up. On April 15, The Stronach Group's lease of the property will expire and it will be transferred back to Churchill Downs. Most horsemen expect the remaining buildings (the grandstand was leveled in 2015) will be razed once CDI takes possession of the track again.

Buddy, who is known as the “ambassador of Calder” used to monitor morning training alongside the paramedics and sit in a chair in the walking ring during afternoon racing. Randy Halvorsrod photo

“I was looking at all the cats there and knew nobody was going to do anything about it,” said Hickey. “I think a lot of people on the track wanted to help, but they didn't know what to do, or they were busy working. I think Madeleine and I, we see something that needs to be done and we just find a way to do it.”

Sciametta and Hickey waited to begin collecting cats until near the move-out date, not wanting to inadvertently scoop up someone's pet. When it became clear the deadline was approaching, they began setting traps, still not sure what to do with the animals they caught.

“I used to say, I don't want any barn cats, they're always underfoot,” Sciametta said. “But since I started feeding them, you start to get attached to them. Especially the ones in my colony, they were like someone's pet … when it came time to close, I couldn't just put my stuff in my car and drive out the stable gate and leave those cats sitting there, waiting for me to come feed them the next day and not be there.”

The pair began gathering up the cats they could and posting to social media looking for help. Hickey said that at most of the tracks where she and her husband, trainer Bill Hickey, have stabled, there are people who take it upon themselves to feed and fix the resident cat population. Sometimes they're part of a coordinated effort, as is true at Saratoga, and sometimes it's just racetrackers taking cats to the nearest veterinary clinic and paying for a spay/neuter surgery. Miami-Dade County Animal Services had also trapped and spayed or neutered cats, releasing them back on the track through the years. So, while most of the cats had been fixed, a number had other medical needs like dental work or infectious disease testing that would need to be done. Additionally, most of them – Sciametta estimated 70 percent – were feral or semi-feral. She found takers for the friendly cats quickly, but those that couldn't be lap cats were more challenging to place.

Through the power of the Facebook algorithms, Sciametta's call for help reached Randy Halvorsrod, who owns Halvorsrod Farm in Wellington, Fla., and happens to foster cats for Bella's Promise Pet Rescue in Boca Raton, Fla. Bella's Promise is based completely on foster care homes and works with local county animal control centers to source animals to homes. Halvorsrod said that perhaps surprisingly, while there is an overpopulation of stray dogs and cats in South Florida, there is an underpopulation of needy pets in the Northeast, specifically in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Nearly all the animals saved by Bella's Promise are transported north for successful adoptions.

“I knew the scale [of the problem]; I didn't know I could save this many cats with her,” said Halvorsrod. “Rescues usually prefer kittens and pretty cats. That's how it is because everyone wants a kitten. I called the head of Bella's Promise and she said, 'Take them. We'll figure it all out.' The scale is huge but I think at most racetracks you have a huge amount of cats.”

Patty, an older cat, lived in the same tack room for a decade as trainers came and went. Randy Halvorsrod photo

To date, the network of advocates for the Calder cats have trapped and placed more than 50 cats in barn homes, adoptive homes, or foster care. As of this week, Hickey estimated there were only 10 or so left on the Calder property. Sciametta's posts also reached Desiree Barbazon, an Ocala-based realtor who specializes in selling horse farms. Thanks to Barbazon, Sciametta says a large number of the trapped cats went to barn placements in Ocala and Wellington.

“I just put it out there, like hey guys these cats need help,” said Barbazon. “It went viral. I kind of guilted everybody into it – can't you open your heart to one cat? I had people on my Facebook saying, 'I used to gallop horses at Calder, I'll take one.'”

At one point, the demand was so great that Sciametta and Hickey coordinated a ride for 18 cats to the Central Florida area in a specially-outfitted air-conditioned van hired by The Stronach Group to take the kitties to new assignments in barns in Barbazon's area.

For the women who came together to help the cats, it's a fitting way to say goodbye to a property that featured prominently in their racing journeys.

“Everybody talks about the horse community doesn't come together and stand by each other, but in this venture it really worked out,” said Sciametta.

“I walked hots at Hialeah as a kid; Calder was more of a factory type,” said Halvorsrod, who also ran the shed for The Oaks Thoroughbreds at Calder and worked the auctions that were held there through the years. “It was a good, working track. It's sad, the whole thing. I was born and raised in Miami. The track's 50 years old and I'm 66. It's been there the whole time.”

The buildings may soon be gone, but the dozens of adopters will keep their own little piece of life at Calder with them a bit longer.

As the rehoming effort draws to a close, Sciametta and Hickey say the best way the public can help is by donating to Bella's Promise, which took on the significant cost of vetting dozens of cats to prepare them for rehoming. For more information or to donate, visit its Facebook page here.

The post Florida Horsewomen Come Together To Save Calder’s Resident Barn Cats appeared first on Horse Racing News | Paulick Report.

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Thoroughbreds and gastric ulcers go together like a picnic and ants. Medications like omeprazole can effectively help treat or prevent gastric ulceration and has important welfare benefits, making these drugs extremely popular in the racing industry. However, the benefits of omeprazole may be overshadowed by some potential drawbacks that may dampen its use in some cases.

Between 80 and 100% of Thoroughbreds have ulcers in the squamous or upper region of the stomach (equine gastric squamous disease, EGSD). An additional 10-60% or more of Thoroughbreds also suffering from gastric ulcers in the glandular (lower) region of the stomach (equine gastric glandular disease, EGGD).

Ulcers, which are erosions of the lining of the stomach, cause discomfort to the horse. Signs of gastric ulceration manifests in various ways such as a dull hair coat, weight loss, bruxism (grinding teeth), and poor performance.

“Squamous ulcer disease results from management practices and isn't limited to just Thoroughbreds. Feeding any horse involved in high intensity or long duration of work high grain, high carbohydrate but low roughage diets will increase the risk of disease,” said Dr. Ben Sykes from the Equine Clinic, Massey University, New Zealand.

Medications like phenylbutazone (commonly known as “bute”) or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used in horses may also contribute to the development or worsening of gastric ulcer disease although they are generally considered safe for short durations at label doses.

Given the importance of managing EGUS to optimize the health, welfare, and performance of Thoroughbreds, various medications have been developed. Sucralfate coats the ulcers to prevent further damage and allow healing, ranitidine and omeprazole decrease the acidity of the gastric juice, and misoprostol protects the lining of the glandular mucosa in the lower part of the stomach.

Manufacturers of most commercial preparations of omeprazole recommend treating ulcers with 4 mg/kg per day for four weeks. To prevent recurrence of gastric ulceration, horses can be treated longer term at a lower dose, usually 1 to 2 mg/kg per day.

Like any medication however, omeprazole doesn't always come up roses. In addition to the fact that long-term administration of any medication can be economically draining, omeprazole hasn't been tested for its long-term safety. Further, even its short-term use may not be as innocuous as one might think.

In a recent article in the journal, Equine Veterinary Education, Sykes shared four major concerns associated with omeprazole administration:

1. Rebound gastric hyperacidity. After abruptly discontinuing omeprazole, the gastric contents may become more acidic than normal, which may explain the rapid recurrence of ulcers in some horses.
2. Changes in fecal microbiome. The population of microorganisms in the equine hindgut that contribute to the overall health of the horse can be negatively affected by any medication. Omeprazole does not appear to alter the microbiome after 28 days of omeprazole administration, but the long-term effects have yet to be studied.
3. Interaction with NSAIDs. Bute and other NSAIDs can contribute to the development of gastric ulcers, and many horses treated with these medications receive omeprazole.

   “A recent study showed, however, that while omeprazole helps prevent gastric ulcers potentially caused by NSAIDs, this drug combination appears to cause hind gut issues such as small colon impactions and diarrhea that can potentially be fatal, especially when high doses of phenylbutazone are used,” said Sykes. “Considering this, my current recommendation is to avoid the co-administration of NSAIDs and omeprazole, or at least to use the lowest effective dose possible for both drugs.  If concerns about the potential for NSAIDs such as bute to cause gastric ulcers persist in a particular patient, then sucralfate is a reasonable alternative to consider.”

4. Increased fracture risk. Increased fracture risk is a significant concern with omeprazole administration in humans, both in geriatric and juvenile populations.

   “To date, no evidence exists that omeprazole has a similar effect in horses,” said Sykes. “Studies looking at the short-term effects of omeprazole on bone metabolism have found no effect of the drug. But there is data in horses that the proposed pathways that contribute to fracture risk in humans also occur with short-term omeprazole administration in the horse.”

   Long-term data are both lacking and much needed, considering the relevance of fracture risk in the racehorse industry.

In short, omeprazole is used widely both for short- and long-term use for EGUS in horses, has good reported efficacy, but may be associated with a number of important safety concerns.

“In other words, omeprazole has a high safety profile, but it does not mean omeprazole is universally safe,” Sykes said.

Ideally, veterinarians, trainers, and owners would seek to use the lowest possible dose of omeprazole that maximizes outcomes.

“Optimizing absorption will help us get more bang for our buck,” Syke said. “Giving omeprazole after fasting overnight will allow more of the drug to be absorbed compared to horses that had been fed. This means that we only need to administer about half the amount of the drug to achieve the same level of acid suppression if given when the horse has not fasted.”

As we know, though, one of the cornerstones of improving management of horses with EGUS is ensuring horses have continual access to hay. So, should we worry about withholding hay overnight? Sykes advised absolutely not.

“Horses naturally do not eat overnight even if they have ad libitum hay. Instead, they spend most of that time resting or sleeping,” he said.

Sykes therefore proposed the following tips for using omeprazole as safely and effectively as possible based on the currently available information on this drug:

• Fast horses overnight. Take away the horse's feed by 10 p.m.
• Administer omeprazole first thing in the morning before feeding and exercise. Peak absorption of omeprazole from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation occurs around 60 minutes so the horse should remain unfed for 30 to 60 minutes after administration
• Start treating horses with only 2 mg/kg omeprazole per day. Only increase the dose to 4 mg/kg if needed (based on a lack of clinical response or gastroscopy—direct visualization of the stomach wall using a scope by a veterinarian)
• Administer other medications for gastric ulcers separate from omeprazole.

“Sucralfate, ranitidine, and misoprostol should not be administered at the same time as omeprazole. These medications will interfere in the action of omeprazole and the pH of the stomach contents will not increase as expected,” Sykes explained.

Instead, these other medications can be administered at the time of feeding, 30 to 60 minutes after omeprazole administration, or in the afternoon (omeprazole is given once a day in the morning).

“Exercising after omeprazole administration and feeding, even if just a small meal, will also increase the effectiveness of omeprazole because most of the damage to the squamous mucosa in the upper region of the stomach occurs during exercise,” Sykes said.

Overall, Sykes suggested that owners should not necessarily be deterred from using omeprazole, but should certainly cognizant of these safety issues.

“Omeprazole, like any prescription medication, should be used in a safe and responsible manner,” he said. “Implementing the recommended management changes alongside administration will help achieve either comparable or even more complete treatment responses and better outcomes with lower omeprazole doses. This not only has financial benefits but is also expected to further improve the drug's safety profile by using the minimally effective dose.”

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